Abers, J.D., C.A. Wessman, D.L. Peterson, J.M.Melillo and J.H. Fownes. 1990. Remote sensing of litter and soil organic matter decomposition in forest ecosystems, In, R. Hobbs and H. Mooney, eds. Remote Sensing of Biosphere Functioning, Springer-Verlag, New York.

Abrahams, AD and Parsons, AJ. 1991. Relation between infiltration and stone cover on a semiarid hillslope, southern Arizona. Journal of Hydrology 122:49–59.

Achtinich, C., F. Bak and Conrad R. 1995. Competition for electron-donors among nitrate reducers, ferric iron reducers sulfate reducers and methanogens in anoxic paddy soil. Biol. Fert. Soils 19:65-72.

Adams, J.B. and M.O.Smith. 1986. Spectral mixture modeling: A new analysis of rock and soil types at the Viking Lander 1 site. Journal of Geophysical Research 91:8098-8112.

Adams, J.B., D.E. Sabol, V. Kapos, R.A. Filho, D.A. Roberts, M.O. Smith and A.R. Gillespie. 1995. Classification of multispectral images based on fractions of endmembers: application to landcover change in the Brazilian Amazon. Remote Sensing of Environment 52:137-154.

Agehara S. and D.D. Warncke. 2005. Soil moisture and temperature effects on nitrogen release from organic nitrogen sources. Soil Science Society of America Journal 69:1844-1855.

Ajwa, H.A., C.W. Rice and D. Sotomayor. 1998. Carbon and nitrogen mineralization in tallgrass prairie and agricultural soil profiles. Soil Science Society of America Journal 62:942-951.

Akiyama, T., Inoue, Y., Shibayama, M., Awaya, Y. and Tanaka, N. 1996. Monitoring and predicting crop growth and analysing agricultural ecosystems by remote sensing. Agricultural and Food Science in Finland 5:367-376.

Alig, RJ and Butler BJ. 2004. Projecting large-scale area changes in land use and land cover for terrestrial carbon analyses. Environmental Management 33:443-456.

Allen, E. B. 1989. The restoration of disturbed arid landscapes with special reference to mycorrhizal fungi. Journal of Arid Environments 17:279-286.

Allen M.F. and J.A. MacMahon. 1985. Impact of disturbance on cold desert fungi: comparative microscale dispersion patterns. Pedobiologia 28:215-224.

Allen, M. F., S. J. Morris, F. Edwards and E. B. Allen. 1995. Microbe-plant interactions in Mediterranean-type habitats: shifts in fungal symbiotic and saprophytic functioning in response to global change.  In, J. M. Moreno and W. C. Oechel, eds. Global Change and Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems. pp. 297-305.  Springer-Verlag, New York.

Allen, M.F., J. Lansing and E.B. Allen. 2002. The role of mycorrhizal fungi in composition and dynamics of plant communities: a scaling issue. Progress in Botany 63:344-367.

Allen, M. F., W. Swenson, J. I. Querejeta, L. M. Egerton-Warburton and K. K. Treseder. 2003. Ecology of mycorrhizae: A conceptual framework for complex interactions among plants and fungi. Annual Review of Phytopathology 41:271-303.

Allen, M.F., J.N. Klironomos, K.K. Treseder and W.C. Oechel. 2005. Responses of soil biota to elevated CO₂  in a chaparral ecosystem. Ecological Applications 15:1701-1711. 

Allen, M.F. 2006. Water dynamics of mycorrhizas in arid soils. In, G.M. Gadd, (ed.),  Fungi in Biogeochemical Cycles. pp. 74-97. Cambridge University Press.

Allison V.J., Miller R.M., Jastrow J.D., Matamala R. and Zak D.R. 2005. Changes in soil microbial community structure in a tallgrass prairie chronosequence. Soil Science Society of America Journal 69:1412-1421.

Alpert, P., Griggs, F.T. and Peterson, D.R. 1999. Restoring riparian forests along the Sacramento River. Restoration Ecology 7:360-368.

Ambus, P. and Christensen, S. 1994. Measurement of N₂O emission from a fertilized grassland – an analysis of spatial variability. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 99:16549-16555.

Amundson, R.Y. Guo and Gong P. 2003. Soil diversity and land use in the United States. Ecosystems 6:470-482.

Andersen, M.C., J.M. Watts, J.E. Freilich, S.R. Yool, G.I. Wakefield, J.F. McCauley and Anderson,  K., S. Wells and  R. C. Graham. 2002. Pedogenesis of vesicular horizons, Cima Volcanic Field, Mojave Desert, California. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 66:878-887.

Anderson, J.M. 2000. Food web functioning and ecosystem properties: problems and perception of scaling. In, Coleman, D.C., Hendrix, P.F. (eds.), Invertebrates as Webmasters in Ecosystems. pp. 3-24.  CAB International, Wallingford, UK.

Anderson, S.P., Dietrich, W.E., Montgomery, D.R., Torres, R., Conrad, M.E. and Loague, K. 1997. Subsurface flow paths in a steep unchanneled catchment. Water Resources Research 33: 2637-2653.

Anderson, S.P. and Dietrich, W.E. 2001. Chemical weathering and runoff chemistry in a steep headwater catchment. Hydrological Processes 15:1791-1815.

Andren O., Brussaard, L. and Clarholm, M. 1999. Soil organism influence on ecosystem-level processes- bypassing the ecological hierarchy? Applied Soil Ecology 11:177-188.

Andren, O. and K. Paustian. 1986. Barley straw decomposition in the field: comparison of models. Ecology 68:1190-1200.

Andrews, J.A., K.G. Harrison, R. Matamala and W.H. Schlesinger. 1999. Separation of root respiration from total soil respiration using carbon-13 labeling during free-air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE). Soil Science Society of America Journal 63:1429-1435.

Anyamba, A. and C.J. Tucker. 2005. Analysis of Sahelian vegetation dynamics using NOAA-AVHRR NDVI data from 1981-2003. Journal of Arid Environments 63:596–614.

Aon, M.A.,Cabello, M.N., Sarena, D.E., Colaneri, A.C., Franco, M.G., Burgos, J.L. and Cortassa, S. 2001. I. Spatio-temporal patterns of soil microbial and enzymatic activities in an agricultural soil. Applied Soil Ecology 18:239-254.

Arnold, R. and Wandwilding, L.P. 1991. Spatial variabilities of soils and landforms. SSSA Special Publication. 28: The Need to Quantify Spatial Variability. SSSA, Madison, WI.

Arvidson, RE, Shepard, MK, Guinness, EA, Petroy, SB, Plaut, JJ, Evans, DL, Farr, TG, Greeley, R, Lancaster, N and Gaddis, LR. 1993. Characterization of lava-flow degradation in the Pisgah and Cima volcanic fields, California, using Landsat Thematic Mapper and AIRSAR data. Geological Society of America Bulletin 105:175–188.

Ashby, S. F. and R. D. Falgout. 1996. A parallel multigrid preconditioned conjugate gradient algorithm for groundwater flow simulations. Nucl. Sci. Eng. 124:145-159.

Asner, G.P. and D.B. Lobell. 2000. A biogeophysical approach for automated SWIR unmixing of soils and vegetation. Remote Sensing of Environment 74:99-112.

Augusto, L., J. Ranger, D. Binkley and A. Rothe. 2002. Impact of several common tree species of European temperate forests on soil fertility. Annals of Forest Science 59:233-253.

Baer, S.G., S.L. Collins, J.M. Blair, A.K. Knapp and A.K. Fiedler. 2005. Soil heterogeneity effects on tallgrass prairie community heterogeneity: an application of ecological theory to restoration ecology. Restoration Ecology 13:413-424.

Baggs, E.M., M. Richter, G. Cadisch and U.A. Hartwig. 2003. Denitrification in grass swards is increased under elevated atmospheric CO₂. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 35:729-732.

Bailey, D.W., J.E. Gross, E.A. Laca, L.R. Rittenhouse, M.B. Coughenour, D.M. Swift and P.L. Sims. 1996. Mechanisms that result in large herbivore grazing distribution patterns. Journal of Range Management 49:386-400.

Baldocchi, D.D., R. Valentini, S.R. Running, W. Oechel and R. Dahlman. 1996. Strategies for measuring and modelling CO₂ and water vapor fluxes over terrestrial ecosystems. Global Change Biol. 2:159-168.

Baldocchi, D.D. 1997. Measuring and modeling carbon dioxide and water vapor exchange over a temperate broad-leaved forest during the 1995 summer drought. Plant, Cell and Env. 20:1108-1122.

Baldocchi, D.D., Law, B.E. and Anthoni, P.M. 2000. On measuring and modeling energy fluxes above the floor of a homogeneous and heterogeneous conifer forest. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 102: 187-206.

Baldocchi, D.D., L.K. Xu and N. Kiang. 2004. How plant functional-type, weather, seasonal drought, and soil physical properties alter water and energy fluxes of an oak-grass savanna and an annual grassland. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 123:13-39.

Baldock JA, and Skjemstad JO. 2000. Role of the soil matrix and minerals in protecting natural organic materials against biological attack. Organic Geochemistry 31:697-710.

 Balser, T.C., Kinzig, A. and Firestone, M.K. 2002. The functional consequences of biodiversity. In, Kinzig, A., Pacala, S., Tilman, D. (eds.), The Functional Consequences of Biodiversity pp. 265-293.  Princeton University Press, Princeton.

Balser, T.C. and Firestone, M.K. 2005. Linking microbial community composition and soil processes in a California annual grassland and mixed-conifer forest. Biogeochemistry 73:395-415.

Band, L.E., C.L. Tague, P. Groffman and K. Belt. 2001. Forest ecosystem processes at the watershed scale: hydrological and ecological controls of nitrogen export. Hydrological Processes 15:2013-2028.

Bandaranayake W, Qian YL, Parton WJ, Ojima DS and Follett RF. 2003. Estimation of soil organic carbon changes in turfgrass using the CENTURY model. Agronomy Journal 95:558-563.

Baret, F. and G. Guyot. 1991. Potentials and limits of vegetation indices for LAI and APAR assessment. Remote Sensing of Environment 35:161-173.

Barrett, JE, RL McCullet, DR Lane, IC Burke and WK Lauenroth. 2002. Influence of climate variability on plant production and N-mineralization in central US grasslands. Journal of Vegetation Science 13:383-394.

Barr-Ness, E. Y., Chen, Y. Hadar, H. Marchner and V. Roemheld. 1991. Siderophores of Pseudomas putida as an iron source for dicot and monocot plants. Plant and Soil 130:231-241. 

Barthes, B. and E. Roose. 2002. Aggregate stability as an indicator of soil susceptibility to runoff and erosion; validation at several levels. Catena 47:133-149.

Batten, K.M., K.M. Scow, K.F. Davies and S.P. Harrison. 2006. Two invasive plants alter soil microbial community composition in serpentine grassland. Biological Invasions 8:217-230.

Becker, M., J.K. Ladha and J.C.G. Ottow. 1994. Nitrogen losses and lowland rice yield as affected by residue nitrogen release. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 58:1660-1665.

Belitz, K. and S.P. Phillips. 1995. Alternative to agricultural drains in California’s San Joaquin Valley: results of a regional-scale hydrogeologic approach. Water Resources Research 31:1845-1862.

Belnap, J., CH Hawkes and MK Firestone. 2003. Boundaries in miniature: two examples from soil. BioScience 53:739-749.

Benbi, D.K. and J.A. Richter. 2002. A critical review of some approaches to modelling nitrogen mineralization. Biol. Fertil. Soils 35:168-183.

Benbi, D.K. and R. Nieder. 2003. Handbook of processes and modeling in the soil plant system. Food Products Press. NewYork, N.Y.

Bending, G.D. and M.K. Turner. 1999. Interaction of biochemical quality and particle size of crop residues and its effect on the microbial biomass and nitrogen dynamics following incorporation into soil. Biology and Fertility of Soils 29:319-327.

Ben-Dor, E. and A. Banin. 1995. Near infrared analysis (NIRA) as a method to simultaneously evaluate spectral featureless constituents in soils. Soil Science 159:259-270.

Bengtson, P., U. Falkengren-Grerup and G. Bengtson. 2006. Spatial distributions of plants and gross N transformation rates in a forest soil. Journal of Ecology 94:754-764.

Bennett, G.L, Weissmann, G.S., Baker, G.S. and Hyndman, D.W. 2006. Regional-scale assessment of a sequence-bounding paleosol on fluvial fans using ground-penetrating radar, eastern San Joaquin Valley, California. Geological Society of America Bulletin 118:724-732, doi: 10.1130/B25774.1.

Bergner, B., J. Johnstone and K.K. Treseder. 2004. Experimental warming and burn severity alter soil CO₂ flux and soil functional groups in a recently burned boreal forest. Global Change Biology 10:1996-2004.

Beven, K. 1995. Linking parameters across scales: subgrid parameterizations and scale dependent hydrological models. Hydrological Processes 9:507–525.

Bever, J.D., K.M. Westover and J. Antonovics. 1997. Incorporating the soil community into plant population dynamics: the utility of the feedback approach. The Journal of Ecology 85:561-573. 

Bever, J.D. 2003. Soil community feedback and the coexistence of competitors: conceptual frameworks and empirical tests. New Phytologist 157:465-473.

Bhark, E.W. and E.E. Small 2003. Association between plant canopies and the spatial patterns of infiltration in shrubland and grassland of the Chihuahuan Desert, New Mexico. Ecosystems 6: 185-196.

Biard, F. and F. Baret. 1997. Crop residue estimation using multiband reflectance. Remote Sensing of Environment 59:530-536.

Bierkens, M.F.P., Finkle, P.A. and deWilligen, P. 2000. Up scaling and downscaling methods for environmental research. Vol:88. Developments in Plant and Soil Sciences. Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Billings, WD. 1949. The shadscale vegetation zone of Nevada and eastern California in relation to climate and soils. American Midland Naturalist 42:87-109.

Bishop, T. and McBratney, A. 2001. A comparison of prediction methods for the creation of field-extent soil property maps. Geoderma 103:149-160.

Blackburn, W.H., F.B. Pierson, C.L. Hanson, T.L. Thurow and A.L. Hanson. 1992. The spatial and temporal influence of vegetation on surface soil factors in semiarid rangelands. Transactions of the ASAE 35:479- 486.

Blank, R.R., J.A. Young and T. Lugaski. 1996. Pedogenesis on talus slopes, the Buckskin Range, Nevada, USA. Geoderma 71:121-142.

Bloschl, G. 2001. Scaling in hydrology. Hydrologic Processes 15:709-711.

Böhlke, J. K. and J. M. Denver. 1995. Combined use of groundwater dating, chemical and isotope analyses to resolve the history of nitrate contamination in two agricultural watersheds, Atlantic coastal plain, Maryland. Water Res. Res. 31:2319-2339.

Böhlke, J. K. 2002. Groundwater recharge and agricultural contamination. Hydrogeol. J. 10:153-179.

Bolker, B.M., S.W. Pacala and S.A. Levin. 2000. Moment methods for ecological processes in continuous space. In, U. Dieckmann et al., (eds.), The Geometry of Ecological Interactions: Simplifying Spatial Complexity. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Booth, M.S., J.M. Stark and M.M. Caldwell. 2003. Inorganic N turnover and availability in annual- and perennial-dominated soils in a northern Utah shrub-steppe ecosystem. Biogeochemistry 66:311-330.

Borken, W, Savage, K., Davidson, E.A. and Trumbore, S.E. 2006.  Effects of experimental drought on soil respiration and radiocarbon efflux from a temperate forest soil.  Global Change Biol. 12:177-193.

Bornyasz, M.A., R. Graham and M.F. Allen. 2005. Ectomycorrhizae in a soil-weathered granitic bedrock regolith: linking matrix resources to plants. Geoderma 126:141-160.

Bossio, D.A., K.M. Scow, N. Gunapala and K.J. Graham. 1998. Determinants of soil microbial communities: effects of agricultural management, season, and soil type on phospholipid fatty acid profiles. Microbial Ecology 36:1-12.

Bossuyt, H., J. Six and P. Hendrix. 2005. Protection of soil carbon by microaggregates within earthworm casts. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 37:251-258.

Bossuyt, H., K. Denef, J. Six, S.D. Frey, R. Merckx and K. Paustian. 2001. Influence of microbial populations and residue quality on aggregate stability. Applied Soil Ecology 16:195-208.

Bouma, J., Booltink, H., Finke, P. and Stein, A. 1996. Data reliability and risk assessment in soil interpretations. SSSA Spec. Pub. 47., Chapter: Reliability of soil data and risk assessment of data applications. SSSA, Madison, WI.

Boutton TW, Archer SR, Midwood AJ, Zitzer SF and Bol R. 1998. δ¹³C values of soil organic carbon and their use in documenting vegetation change in a subtropical savanna ecosystem. Geoderma 82:5-41.

Bouwman, A.F., L.J.M. Boumans and N.H. Batjes. 2002. Emissions of N₂O and NO from fertilized fields: summary of available measurement data. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 16:1058,doj:10.1029/20016B001811.

Bowden, R.D., K.J. Nadelhoffer, R.D. Boone, J.M. Melillo and J.B.Garris. 1993. Contributions of aboveground litter, belowground litter, and root respiration to total soil respiration in a temperate mixed hardwood forest. Can. J. For. Res. 23:1402-1407.

Brasher, B. and Benham, E. 1996. Data reliability and risk assessment in soil interpretations. SSSA Spec. Publ. 47. Chapter: Quality Assessment of Soil Survey Information.  SSSA, Madison, WI.

Brenner, D.L., R. Amundson, W.T. Baisden, C. Kendall and J.W. Harden. 2001. Soil N and ¹⁵N variation with time in a California annual grassland ecosystem. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 65:4171-4186.

Brooks, C.N. and A.M. Merenlender. 2001. Determining the pattern of oak woodland regeneration for a cleared watershed in Northwest California: a necessary first step for restoration. Restoration Ecology 9:1-12.

Brown, L., B. Syed, S.C. Jarvis, R.W. Sneath, V.R. Phillips, K.W.T. Goulding and C. Li. 2002. Development and application of a mechanistic model to estimate emission of nitrous oxide from UK agriculture. Atmospheric Environment 36:917-928.

Brown, R.B. 1988. Concerning the quality of soil survey. J. Soil Water Conserv. 43:452-455.

Brown, R.B. and Huddleston, J.H. 1991. Spatial variabilities of soils and landforms. SSSA Spec. Publ. 28., Chapter: Presentation of statistical data on map units to the user. SSSA, Madison, WI

Bruchez, M. J., M. Moronne, P. Gin, S. Weiss and S. Alivsatos. 1998. Semiconductor nanocrystals as fluorescent biological labels. Science 281:2013-2016.

Bruns, M.A., J.R. Stephen, G.A. Kowalchuk, J.I. Prosser and E.A. Paul. 1999. Comparative diversity of ammonia oxidizer 16S rRNA gene sequences in native, tilled, and successional soils. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65:2994-3000.

Buresh, R.J. and S.K. DeDatta. 1991. Nitrogen dynamics and management in rice-legume cropping systems. Adv. Agron 45:1-59.

Burford, J.R. and J.M. Bremner. 1975. Relationships between denitrification capacities of soils and total, water-soluble and readily decomposable soil organic matter. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 7:389-394.

Burger, M., Jackson, L.E., Lundquist, E.J., Louie, D.T., Miller, R.L., Rolston, D.R. and Scow, K.M. 2005. Microbial responses and nitrous oxide emissions during rewetting and drying of agricultural soil under organic and conventional management. Biology and Fertility of Soils 42:109-118.

Burke I.C., Lauenroth W.K. and Parton W.J. 1997. Regional and temporal variation in net primary production and nitrogen mineralization in grasslands. Ecology 78:1330-1340.

Burnham, K. and D. Anderson. 2002. Model Selection and Multimodel Inference. Springer, New York.

Burns, D.A., J.J. McDonnell, R.P. Hooper, N.E. Peters, J.E. Freer, C. Kendall and K. Beven. 2001. Quantifying contributions to storm runoff through end-member mixing analysis and hydrologic measurements at the Panola Mountain Research Watershed (Georgia, USA). Hydrol. Process 15: 1903-1924.

Burns, D.A., L.N. Plummer, J.J. McDonnell, E. Busenberg, G.C. Casile, C. Kendall, R.P. Hooper, J.E. Freer, N.E. Peters, K. Beven and P. Schlosser. 2003. The geochemical evolution of riparian ground water in a forested piedmont catchment. Ground Water  47:913-925.

Burton, A.J., K.S. Pregitzer, R.W. Ruess, R.L. Hendrick and M.F. Allen. 2002. Root respiration in North American forests: effects of nitrogen concentration and temperature across biomes. Oecologia 131: 559-568.

Butterbach-Bahl, K., M. Kesik, P. Miehle, H. Papen and C. Li. 2004. Quantifying the regional source strength of N-trace gases across agricultural and forest ecosystems with process based models. Plant and Soil 260:311-329.

Buyanovsky, G.A. and G.H.Wagne. 1998. Changing role of cultivated land in the global carbon cycle. Biology and Fertility of Soil 27:242-245.

Cabrera, M.L. 1993. Modeling the flush of nitrogen mineralization caused by drying and rewetting soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 57:63-66.

Calderón, F.J., Jackson, L.E., Scow, K.M. and Rolston, D.E. 2000. Microbial responses to simulated tillage in cultivated and uncultivated soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 32:1547-1559.

Cambardella, C.A. and E.T. Elliott. 1992. Particulate soil organic-matter changes across a grassland cultivation sequence. Soil Science Society of America Journal 56:777-783.

Caniego, F.J., R. Espejo, M.A. Martin and F. San Jose. 2005. Multifractal scaling of soil spatial variability. Ecological Modelling 182:291-303.

Capo, R.C., B.W. Stewart and O.A. Chadwick. 1998. Strontium isotopes as tracers of earth surface processes: theory and methods. Geoderma 82:197-225.

Cardon, Z.G. 1996. Influence of rhizodeposition under elevated CO₂ on plant nutrition and soil organic matter. Plant Soil 187:277-288.

Carlisle, E., K.L. Steenwerth and D.R. Smart. 2005. Effects of land use on soil respiration: conversion of oak-woodlands to vineyards. Journal of Environmental Quality 35:1396-1404.

Carson, M.A. and Kirkby, M.J. 1972. Hillslope form and process. Cambridge University Press, New York.

Chadwick, O.A., L.A. Derry, P.M. Vitousek, B.M Huebert and L.O. Hedin. 1999. Changing sources of nutrients during four million years of ecosystem development. Nature 397:491-497.

Champion, R.A., R.J. Orr, P.D. Penning and S.M. Rutter. 2004. The effect of the spatial scale of heterogeneity of two herbage species on the grazing behaviour of lactating sheep. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 88:61-76.

Chamran, F., Gessler, P.E. and Chadwick, O.A. 2002. Spatially explicit treatment of soil-water dynamics along a semiarid catena. Soil Science Society of America Journal 66:1571-1583.

Chanat, J. G. and G. M. Hornberger. 2003. Modeling catchement-scale mixing in the near-stream zone-implications for chemical and isotopic hydrograph separation. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30:1091, doi:10.1029,2002GL016265.

Chang, D.H. and Islam, S. 2000. Estimation of soil physical properties using remote sensing and artificial neural network. Remote Sensing of the Environment 74:534-544.

Chauhan, N.S., Miller, S. and Ardanuy, P. 2003. Spaceborne soil moisture estimation at high resolution: a microwave-optical/IR synergistic approach. International Journal of Remote Sensing 24:4599-4622.

Cheng W. and Johnson DW. 1998. Effect of elevated CO₂ on rhizosphere processes and soil organic matter decomposition. Plant and Soil 202:167-174.

Cheng W. and Kuzyakov Y. 2005. Root effects on soil organic matter decomposition. In, Zobel RW, Wright SF (eds.). Roots and Soil Management: Interactions between Roots and the Soil, Agronomy Monograph no. 48. ASA-SSSA, Madison, Wisconsin.

Cheng, S., P. Widden and C. Messier. 2005. Light and tree size influence belowground development in yellow birch and sugar maple. Plant and Soil 270:321-330.

Cheng, W. 1996. Measurement of rhizosphere respiration and organic matter decomposition using natural ¹³C.  Plant and Soil 183:263-268.

Cheng, W. 1999. Rhizosphere feedbacks in elevated CO₂. Tree Physiology 19:313-320.

Cheng, W., D.A. Sims, Y.Q. Luo, D.W. Johnson, J.T. Ball and J.S. Coleman. 2000. Carbon budgeting in plant-soil mesocosms under elevated CO₂: locally missing carbon? Global Change Biology 6:99-109.

Cheng, W.X., D.W. Johnson and S.L. Fu. 2003. Rhizosphere effects on decomposition: controls of plant species, phenology, and fertilization. Soil Science Society of America Journal 67:1418-1427.

Cheng, Y., J.A. Gamon, D.A. Fuentes, Z. Mao, D.A. Sims, H.-l. Qiu, H. Claudio, A. Huete and A.F. Rahman. 2006. A multi-scale analysis of dynamic optical signals in a Southern California chaparral ecosystem: a comparison of field, AVIRIS and MODIS data. Remote Sensing of Environment 103:369-378.

Christensen, S. 1983. Nitrous-oxide emission from a soil under permanent grass - seasonal and diurnal fluctuations as influenced by manuring and fertilization. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 15:531-536.

Christensen, S., S. Simkins and J.M. Tiedje. 1990. Spatial variation in denitrification dependency of activity centers on the soil environment. Soil Science Society of America Journal 54:1608-1613.

Christian J.M. and S.D. Wilson. 1999. Long-term ecosystem impacts of an introduced grass in the Northern Great Plains. Ecology 80:2397-2407.

Cione N.K., P.E. Padgett and E.B.Allen. 2002. Restoration of a native shrubland impacted by exotic grasses, frequent fire, and nitrogen deposition in southern California. Restoration Ecology 10:376-384.

Cisneros-Dozal LM, Trumbore SE and Hanson PJ. 2005. Partitioning sources of soil-respired CO₂ and their seasonal variation using a unique radiocarbon tracer. Global Change Biology 12:194–204.

Colla, G., J.P. Mitchell, B.A. Joyce, L.M. Huyck, W.W. Wallender, S.R. Temple, T.C. Hsiao and D.D. Poudel. 2000. Soil physical properties and tomato yield and quality in alternative cropping systems. Agronomy Journal 92:924-932.

Collins, H.P., E.T. Elliott, K. Paustian, L.C. Bundy, W.A. Dick, D.R. Huggins, A.J.M. Smucker and E.A. Paul. 2000. Soil carbon pools and fluxes in long-term corn belt agroecosystems. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 32:157-168.

Cook, P.G. and D.K. Solomon. 1997. Recent advances in dating young groundwater: chlorofluorocarbons, ³H/³He and ⁸⁵Kr. Journal of Hydrology 191:245-265.

Corbin J.D. and C.M. D'Antonio. 2004. Competition between native perennial and exotic annual grasses: implications for an historical invasion. Ecology 85:1273-1283.

Crews, T.E., H. Farrington and P.M. Vitousek. 2000. Changes in asymbiotic, heterotrophic nitrogen fixation on leaf litter of Metrosderos polymorpha with long-term ecosystem development in Hawaii. Ecosystems 3:386-395.

Dahlgren, R.A., J.L. Boettinger, G.L. Huntington and R. Amundson. 1997. Soil development along an elevational transect in the western Sierra Nevada, California. Geoderma 78:207-236.

Dahlgren, R.A., M.J. Singer and X. Huang. 1997. Oak tree and grazing impacts on soil properties and nutrients in a California oak woodland. Biogeochemistry 39:45-64.

Dalgaard, T., Hutchings, N. and Porter, J.R. 2003. Agroecology, scaling and interdisciplinarity. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment 100:39-51.

Dalias P, Anderson JM, Bottner P. and Coûteaux, M.M. 2001. Temperature responses of carbon mineralization in conifer forest soils from different regional climates incubated under standard laboratory conditions. Global Change Biology 7:181-192.

D'Antonio C.M. and P.M. Vitousek. 1992. Biological invasions by exotic grasses, the grass/fire cycle, and global change. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 23:63-87.

Daughtry, C.S.T., J. Hunt, E. R. and McMurtrey, J.E. 2004. Assessing crop residue cover using shortwave infrared reflectance. Remote Sensing of Environment 90:126-134.

Davidson, E.A. 1992. Sources of nitric oxide and nitrus oxide following wetting of dry soil. Soil Science Society of America Journal 56:95-102.

Davidson, E.A. and Lefebvre, P.A.1993. Estimating regional carbon stocks and spatially covarying edaphic factors using soils maps at three scales. Biogeochemistry 22:107-131.

Davidson, E.A., I.A. Janssens and Y.Q. Luo. 2006. On the variability of respiration in terrestrial ecosystems: moving beyond Q10. Global Change Biology 12:154-164.

De Clerck, F., Singer, M.J. and Lindert, P. 2003. A 60-year history of California soil quality using paired samples. Geoderma 114:215-230.

De Deyn, G.B., Raaijmakers, C.E. and Van der Putten, W.H. 2004. Plant community development is affected by nutrients and soil biota. J. of Ecology 92:824-834.

De Deyn, G.B. and Van der Putten, W.H. 2005. Linking aboveground and belowground diversity. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 20:625-633.

de’Ath, G. 2002. Multivariate regression trees: A new technique for modeling species- environment relationships. Ecology 83:105-1117.

DeGloria, S.D., S.L. Wall, A.S. Benson and M.L. Whiting. 1986. Monitoring conservation tillage practices using Landsat multispectral data. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation. 41:187-190.

Degrood S.H., V.P. Claassen and K.M. Scow. 2005. Microbial community composition on native and drastically disturbed serpentine soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 37:1427-1435

Deiglmayr, K., L. Philippot, D. Tscherko and E. Kandeler. 2006. Microbial succession of nitrate-reducing bacteria in the rhizosphere of Poa alpina across a glacier foreland in the Central Alps. Environ. Microbiol 8:1600-1612.

Dickie, I. A., B. Xu and R. T. Koide. 2002. Vertical niche differentiation of ectomyocorrhizal hyphae in soil as shown by T-RFLP analysis. New Phytologist 156:527-535.

Dickie, I. A., J. Oleksyn, P. B. Reich, P. Karolweski, R. Zytkowiak, A. M. Jagodzinski and E. Turzanka. 2006. Soil modification by different tree species influence the extent of seedling ectomycorhizal infection. Mycorrhiza 16:73-79.

Dickson, B.A. and R.L. Crocker. 1953. A chronosequence of soils and vegetation near Mt. Shasta, California. I. Definition of the ecosystem investigated and features of the plant succession. J. Soil Sci. 4:123-141.

Dickson, B.A. and R.L. Crocker. 1953. A chronosequence of soils and vegetation near Mt. Shasta, California. II. The development of the forest floor and carbon and nitrogen profiles of the soils. J. Soil Sci. 4:142-154.

Dickson, B.A. and R.L. Crocker. 1954. A chronosequence of soils and vegetation near Mt. Shasta, California III. Some properties of the mineral soils. J. Soil Sci. 5:173-191.

Dioumaeva, I., Trumbore, S.E., Schuur, E.A.G., Goulden, M.L., Litvak, M. and Hirsch, A.I. 2003. Decomposition of peat from upland boreal forest: temperature dependence and sources of respired carbon. Journal of Geophysical Research 107, 8222, doi:10.1029/2001JD000848, [printed 108(D3), 2003].

Dixon, J.C., Campbell, S.W., Thorn, C.E. and Darmody, R.G. 2006. Incipient weathering rind development on introduced machine-polished granite discs in an Arctic alpine environment, northern Scandinavia. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 31:111-121.

Dobbie, K.E., I.P. McTaggart and K.A. Smith. 1999. Nitrous oxide emissions from intensive agricultural systems: Variations between crops and seasons, key driving variables, and mean emission factors. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 104:D21.

Dobbie, K.E. and K.A. Smith. 2003 Nitrous oxide emission factors for agricultural soils in Great Britain: the impact of soil water-filled pore space and other controlling variables. Global Change Biology 13:204-218.

Easterling, D.R., G.A. Meehl, C. Parmesan, S.A. Changnon, T.R. Karl and L.O. Means. 2000. Climate extremes: observations, modeling, and impacts. Science 289:2068-2074

Edwards, W.M., M.J. Shipitalo, S.J. Traina, C.A. Edwards and L.B. Owens. 1992. Role of Lumbricus terrestris (L.) burrows on quality of infiltrating water. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 24:1555-1561.

Egerton-Warburton, L.M., R.C. Graham and K.R. Hubbert. 2003. Spatial variability in mycorrhizal hyphae and nutrient and water availability in a soil-weathered bedrock profile. Plant and Soil 249:331-342.

Ehrenfeld J.G. 2003 Effects of exotic plant invasions on soil nutrient cycling processes. Ecosystems 6:503-523.

Eliason, S.A. and E.B. Allen. 1997. Exotic grass competition in suppressing native shrubland reestablishment. Restoration Ecology 5:245-255. 

Elzein, A. and J. Balesdent. 1995. Mechanistic simulation of vertical-distribution of carbon concentrations and residence times in soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 59:1328-1335.

Enzel, Y. and S.G. Wells. 1997. Extracting Holocene paleohydrology and paleoclimatology information from modern extreme flood events: an example from southern California. Geomorphology 19:203-226.

Ettema, C. H. and D. A. Wardle. 2002. Spatial soil ecology. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 17:177-183.

Evdokimov, I. V., R. Ruser, F. Buegger, M. Marx, K. Goerke, D. Schneider and J. C. Munch. 2004. Respiration of rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil in a greenhouse experiment with oat plants (Avena sativa L.). Eurasian Soil Science 37:S70-S73.

Eve, M.D., K. Paustian, R.F. Follett and E.T. Elliott. 2001. An inventory of carbon emissions and sequestration in United States cropland soils. In, R. Lal (ed.), Soil Carbon Sequestration and the Greenhouse Effect. pp. 51-65. Soil Science Society of America, Madison.

Eviner, V. T. and F. S. Chapin. 2003. Functional matrix: A conceptual framework for predicting multiple plant effects on ecosystem processes. Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics 34:455-485.

Eviner, V.T. and F.S. Chapin. 2003. Gopher-plant-fungal interactions affect establishment of an invasive grass. Ecology 84:120-128.

Eviner, V.T. and F.S. Chapin. 2005. Selective gopher disturbance influences plant species effects on nitrogen cycling. Oikos 109:154-166.

Eviner, V.T., F. S. Chapin and C. E. Vaughn. 2006. Seasonal variations in species effects on N and P cycling. Ecology 87:974-986.

Falge, E., W. Graber, R. Seigwolf and J. D. Tenhunen. 1996. A model of the gas exchange response of Picea abies to habitat conditions. Trees 10:277-287.

Fang, C. and J.B. Moncrieff. 1999. A model for soil CO₂ production and transport 1: model development. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology  95:225-236.

Fang, C., P. Smith, J.B. Moncrieff and J.U. Smith. 2005. Similar response of labile and resistant soil organic matter pools to changes in temperature. Nature 433:57-59.

Farr, TG. 1992. Microtopographic evolution of lava flows at Cima volcanic field, Mojave Desert, California. Journal of Geophysical Research 97:15171–15179.

Fensholt, R. and I. Sandholt. 2003. Derivation of a shortwave infrared water stress index from MODIS near- and shortwave infrared data in a semiarid environment. Remote Sensing of Environment 87:111-121.

Fernandez-Illescas, C.P., A. Porporato, F. Laio and I. Rodgriguez-Iturbe. 2001. The ecohydrological role of soil texture in a water-limited ecosystem. Water Resources Research 37:2863-2872.

Ferris, H.F. and Matute, M.M.. 2003. Structural and functional succession in the nematode fauna of a soil food web. Applied Soil Ecology 23:93-110.

Fierer N., Schimel J.P. and Holden P.A. 2003. Influence of drying-rewetting frequency on soil bacterial community structure. Microbial Ecology 45:63-71.

Fierer, N., A.S. Allen, J.P. Schimel and P.A. Holden. 2003. Controls on microbial CO₂ production: a comparison of surface and subsurface soil horizons. Global Change Biology 9:1322-1332.

Fierer, N., Schimel, J.P.and Holden, P.A. 2003. Variations in microbial community composition through two soil depth profiles. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 35:167-176.

Fierer, N., O.A. Chadwick and S.E. Trumbore. 2005. Production of CO₂ in soil profiles of a California annual grassland. Ecosystems 8:412-429.

Fierer, N. and Jackson, R.B. 2006. The diversity and biogeography of soil bacterial communities. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103:626-631.

Fierer, N.G. and Gabet, E.G. 2002. Transport of carbon and nitrogen by surface runoff from hillslopes in the Central Coast region of California. Journal of Environmental Quality 31:1207-1213.

Fischer, A. 1994. A model for the seasonal variations of vegetation indices in coarse resolution data and its inversion to extract crop parameters. Remote Sensing of Environment 48:220-230.

Fisher, M.J., I.M. Rao, M.A. Ayarza, C.E. Lascano, J.I. Sanz, R.J. Thomas and R.R. Vera. 1994. Carbon storage by introduced deep-rooted grasses in the South-American savannas. Nature 371:236-238.

Flessa, H., P. Dorsch and F. Beese. 1995. Seasonal-variation of N₂O and CH₄ fluxes in differently managed arable soils in southern Germany. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 100:23115-23124.

Flint, L.E. 1998. Characterization of hydrogeologic units using matrix properties, Yucca Mountain, Nevada. U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4243.

Frampton, GK 1999. Spatial variation in non-target effects of the insecticides chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin and pirimicarb on Collembola in winter wheat.  Pesticide Science 55:875-886.

Franklin, J., C.L. Coulter and S.J. Rey. 2004. Changes over 70 years in a southern California chaparral community related to fire history. Journal of Vegetation Science 15:701-710.

Franklin, R.B. and A.L. Mills. 2003. Multi-scale variation in spatial heterogeneity for microbial community structure in an eastern Virginia agricultural field. Fems Microbiology Ecology 44:335-346.

Frei A. and Gong G. 2005. Decadal to century scale trends in North American snow extent in coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation models. Geophysical Research Letters 32:L18502,doi:10.1029/2005GL/023394.

Frei A. and Robinson DA. 1999 Northern hemisphere snow extent: regional variability 1972 -1994. International Journal of Climatology 19:1535-1560.

Fromm, H., K. Winter, J. Filser, R. Hantschel and F. Beese. 1993. The influence of soil type and cultivation system on the spatial distributions of the soil fauna and microorganisms and their interactions. Geoderma 60:109-118.

Frost, W. E. and S. B. Edinger. 1991. Effect of tree canopies on soil characteristics of annual rangeland. Journal of Range Management 44:286-288.

Fu, S. L. and W. Cheng. 2002. Rhizosphere priming effects on the decomposition of soil organic matter in C-4 and C-3 grassland soils. Plant and Soil 238:289-294.

Gabet, E.G., Fierer, N.G. and Chadwick, O.A. 2005. Prediction of sediment-bound nutrient delivery from semi-arid California watersheds. Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences 110(G2), doi: G02001, 10.1029/2005JG000032.

Gabet, E.J. 2000. Gopher bioturbation: field evidence for nonlinear hillslope diffusion. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 25:1419-1428.

Gabet, E.J. and Dunne, T. 2003. A stochastic sediment supply model for a steep Mediterranean landscape. Water Resources Research 39: doi:1237,10.1029/2003WRR002341.

Galbraith, J.M., Donovan, P.F., Smith, K.M. and Zipper, C.E. 2003. Using public domain data to aid in field identification of hydric soils. Soil Science 168:563-575.

Galen C. and Stanton M.L. 1995. Responses of snowbed plant-species to changes in growing-season length. Ecology 76:1546-1557.

Gallardo, A. 2003. Effect of tree canopy on the spatial distribution of soil nutrients in a Mediterranean Dehesa. Pedobiologia 47:117-125.

Gardner, R.H. and R.V. Oneill. 1991. Pattern, process, and predictability: the use of neutral models for landscape analysis, In M. G. Turner and R. H. Gardner (eds.), Quantitative Methods in Landscape Ecology. Springer -Verlag, New York.

Gaudinski, J.B., S.E. Trumbore, E.A. Davidson and S.H. Zheng. 2000. Soil carbon cycling in a temperate forest: radiocarbon-based estimates of residence times, sequestration rates and partitioning of fluxes. Biogeochemistry 51:33-69.

Genney, D. R., I. C. Anderson and I. J. Alexander 2006. Fine-scale distribution of pine ectomycorrhizas and their extramatrical mycelium. New Phytologist 170:381-390.

Gessler, P.E., Chadwick, O.A., Chamran, F., Althouse, L. and Holmes, K. 2000. Modeling soil landscape and ecosystem properties using terrain attributes. Soil Science Society of America Journal 64:2046-2056.

Golubiewski N.E. 2006. Urbanization transforms prairie carbon pools: effects of landscaping in Colorado's Front Range. Ecological Applications 16:555-571.

Gonod, L.V., J. Chadoeuf and C. Chenu. 2006. Spatial distribution of microbial 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid mineralization from field to microhabitat scales. Soil Science Society of America Journal 70:64-71.

Graham, R.C. and H.B. Wood. 1991. Morphologic development and clay redistribution in lysimeter soils under chaparral and pine. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 55:1638-1646.

Green, J. and B.J.M. Bohannan. 2006. Spatial scaling of microbial biodiversity. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 21:501-507.

Green, T.R. and R.H. Erskine. 2004. Measurement, scaling, and topographic analyses of spatial crop yield and soil water content. Hydrological Processes 18:1447-1465.

Greenberg, J., G. Scheer, M.L. Whiting and S.L. Ustin. 2001. Analysis of water and chlorophyll features in cotton agriculture. In, R. O. Green (ed.), Tenth JPL Airborne Visible Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) Workshop, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA. 

Gregorich, E.G., M.R. Carter, D.A. Angers, C.M. Montreal and B.H. Ellert. 1994. Towards a minimum data set to assess soil organic matter quality in agricultural soils. Can. J. Soil Sci. 74:367-385.

Groisman PY, Knight RW, Karl TR, Easterling DR, Sun BM and Lawrimore JH. 2004. Contemporary changes of the hydrological cycle over the contiguous United States: trends derived from in situ observations. Journal of Hydrometeorology 5:64-85.

Gundale, M. J., K. L. Metlen, K.L. Metlen, C.E. Feidler and T.H. DeLuca. 2006. Nitrogen spatial heterogeneity influences diversity following restoration in a Ponderosa Pine Forest, Montana. Ecological Applications 16:479-489.

Guo, Y., P. Gong and R. Amundson. 2003. Pedodiversity in the United States of America. Geoderma 117:99-115.

Guo, Y., P. Gong, R. Amundson and Q. Yu. 2006. Analysis of factors controlling soil carbon in the conterminous United States. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 70:601-612.

Guo, Y., R. Amundson, P. Gong and Q. Yu. 2006. Quantity and spatial variability of soil carbon in the conterminous United States. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 70:590-600.

Halley, J.M., S. Hartley, A.S. Kallimanis, W.E. Kunin, J.J. Lennon and S.P. Sgardelis. 2004. Uses and abuses of fractal methodology in ecology. Ecology Letters 7:254-271.

Hamerlynck, E.P., J.R. McAuliffe, E.V. McDonald and S.D. Smith. 2002. Ecological responses of two Mojave Desert shrubs to soil horizon development and soil water dynamics. Ecology 83:768-799.

Hanson, P.J., N.T. Edwards, C.T. Garten and J.A. Andrews. 2000. Separating root and soil microbial contributions to soil respiration: a review of methods and observations. Biogeochemistry 48:115-146.

Harden, J. W. 1988. Genetic interpretations of elemental and chemical differences in a soil chronosequence, California. Geoderma 43:179-193.

Harte J., Torn M.S., Chang F.R., Feifarek B., Kinzig A.P., Shaw R. and Shen K. 1995. Global warming and soil microclimate - results from a meadow-warming experiment. Ecological Applications 5:132-150.

Harter, T., Y.S. Onsoy, K. Heeren, M. Denton, G. Weissmann, J.W. Hopmans and W.R. Horwath. 2005. Deep vadose zone hydrology demonstrates fate of nitrate in eastern San Joaquin Valley. California Agriculture 59:124-132.

Hauggaard-Nielsen, H., P. Ambus and E.S. Jensen. 2001. Temporal and spatial distribution of roots and competition for nitrogen in pea-barley intercrops - a field study employing P-32 technique. Plant and Soil 236:63-74.

Hawkes, C.V., I.F. Wren, D.J. Herman and M.K. Firestone. 2005. Plant invasion alters nitrogen cycling by modifying the soil nitrifying community. Ecology Letters 8:976-985.

Haws, N.W., B.W. Liu, C.W. Boast, P.S.C. Rao, E.J. Kladivko and D.P. Franzmeier. 2004. Spatial variability and measurement scale of infiltration rate on an agricultural landscape. Soil Science Society of America Journal 68:1818-1826.

Heaton, E. and Merenlender, A.M. 2000. Modeling vineyard expansion, potential habitat fragmentation. California Agriculture 54:12-19.

Hector, A.B. Schmid, C. Beierkuhnlein, M.C. Caldeira, M. Diemer, P.G. Dimitrakopoulos, J.A. Finn,  H. Freitas, P. S. Giller, J. Good, R. Harris, P. Högberg, K. Huss-Danell, J. Joshi, A. Jumpponen,  C. Körner, P.W. Leadley, M. Loreau, A. Minns, C.P.H. Mulder, G. O'Donovan, S.J. Otway, J.S. Pereira, A. Prinz, D.J. Read, M. Scherer-Lorenzen, E.-D. Schulze, A.-S.D. Siamantziouras, E.M. Spehn, A.C. Terry, A.Y. Troumbis, F.I. Woodward, S. Yachi and J.H. Lawton. 1999. Plant diversity and productivity experiments in European grasslands. Science 286:1123-1127.

Hendricks, J.J., R.L. Hendrick, C.A. Wilson, R.J. Mitchell, S.D. Pecot and D. Guo. 2006. Assessing the patterns and controls of fine root dynamics: an empirical test and methodological review. Journal of Ecology 94:40-57.

Herrick, J.E., Brown, J.R., Tugel, A.J., Shaver, P.L. and Havstad, K.M. 2002. Application of soil quality to monitoring and management: paradigms from rangeland ecology. Agronomy Journal 94:31-11.

Heuvelink G.B.M. and E.J. Pebesma. 1999. Spatial aggregation and soil process modeling. Geoderma. 89:47-65.

Hinton, M.J., S.L. Schiff and M.C. English. 1994. Examining the contributions of glacial till water to storm runoff using two- and three-component hydrograph separations. Water Resour. Res. 30:983-993.

Hirano T, Kim H. and Tanaka Y. 2003. Long-term half-hourly measurement of soil CO₂ concentration and soil respiration in a temperate deciduous forest. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 108(D20):4631, doi:10,1029/2003ID603766.

Holtgrieve, G.W., P.K. Jewett and P.A. Matson. 2006. Variations in soil N cycling and trace gas emissions in wet tropical forests. Oecologia 146:584-594.

Hornberger, G.M., K.E. Bencala and D.M. McKnight. 1994. Hydrological controls on dissolved organic-carbon during snowmelt in the Snake River near Montezuma, Colorado. Biogeochemistry 25:147-165.

Hughes-Martiny, J.B., B.J.M. Bohannan, J.H. Brown, R.K. Colwell, J.A. Fuhrman, J.L. Green, M.C. Horner-Devine, M. Kane, J.A. Krumins, C.R. Kuske, P.J. Morin, S. Naeem, L. Ovreas, A.L. Reysenbach, V.H. Smith and J.T. Staley. 2006. Microbial biogeography: putting microorganisms on the map. Nature Reviews Microbiology 4:102-112.

Ibáñez, J.J., De-Alba, S., Lobo, A. and Zucarello, V. 1998. Pedodiversity and global soil patterns at coarse scales (with discussion). Geoderma 83:171-192.

Ibekwe, A.M., Kennedy, A.C., Frohne, P.S., Papiernik, S.K., Yang, C.H. and Crowley, D.E. 2002. Microbial diversity along a transect of agronomic zones. Fems Microbiology Ecology 39:183-191.

Isermann, M. 2005. Soil pH and species diversity in coastal dunes. Plant Ecology 178:111-120.

Ishizuka, S. Iswandi A., Nakajima Y., Yonemura S., Sudo S., Tsu-ruta H. and Murdiyarso D. 2005. The variation of greenhouse gas emissions from soils of various land-use/cover types in Jambi province, Indonesia. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 71:17-32. 

Ishizuka, S., H. Tsuruta and D. Murdiyarso. 2002. An intensive field study on CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O emissions from soils at four land-use types in Sumatra, Indonesia. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 16:3,1049, doi:10.1029/20016B001614.

Ivans, CY, AJ Leffler, U Spaulding, JM Stark, RJ Ryel and MM Caldwell. 2003. Root responses and nitrogen acquisition by Artemisia tridentata and Agropyron desertorum following small summer rainfall events. Oecologia 134:317-324.

Jackson, L. E., Strauss, R.B., Firestone, M.K. and Bartolome, J.W. 1990. Influence of tree canopies on grassland productivity and nitrogen dynamics in deciduous oak savanna. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 32:89-105.

Jackson, L.E. and Bloom, A.J. 1990. Root distribution in relation to soil nitrogen availability in field-grown tomatoes. Plant and Soil 128:115-126.

Jackson, R.B., J. Canadell, J.R. Ehleringer, H.A. Mooney, O.E. Sala and E.D. Schulze. 1996. A global analysis of root distributions for terrestrial biomes. Oecologia 108:389-411.

 Jackson, R.B., H.A. Mooney and E.D. Schulze. 1997. A global budget for fine root biomass, surface area, and nutrient contents. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences  94:7362-7366.

Jackson, R.B., J.L. Banner, E.G. Jobbagy, W.T. Pockman and D.H. Wall. 2002. Ecosystem carbon loss with woody plant invasion of grasslands. Nature 418:623-626.

Jansa, J., Zihlmann, U., Weisskoph, P., Anken, T., Forrer, H. and Perhacova, K. 2004. Long-term tillage system effects under moist cool conditions in Switzerland. Soil & Tillage Research 78:171-183.

Janzen, H.H., C.A. Campbell, S.A. Brandt, G.P. Laford and L. Townley-Smith. 1992. Light-fraction organic matter in soils from long-term crop rotations. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 56:1799-1806.

Jastrow, J.D., R.M. Miller and J. Lussenhop. 1998. Contributions of interacting biological mechanisms to soil aggregate stabilization in restored prairie. Soil Biol. Biochem. 30:905-916. 

Jenerette G.D., Wu J., Grimm N.B. and Hope D. 2006. Points, patches, and regions: scaling soil biogeochemical patterns in an urbanized arid ecosystem. Global Change Biology 12:1532-1544.

Jester, W. and A. Klik. 2005. Soil surface roughness measurements - methods, applicability, and surface representations. Catena 64:174-192.

Jingguo W. and Bakken L. 1997. Competition for nitrogen during decomposition of plant residues in soil: effect of spatial placement of N-rich and N-poor plant residues. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 29:153-162. 

Jobbagy, E.G. and R.B. Jackson. 2000. The vertical distribution of soil organic carbon and its relation to climate and vegetation. Ecological Applications 10:423-436.

Johnson D.W., Susfalk R.B., Dahlgren R.A., Caldwell T. and Miller W.W. 2001. Nutrient fluxes in a snow-dominated, semi-arid forest: spatial and temporal patterns. Biogeochemistry 55:219-245.

Jones J.E. and C.S. Woodward. 2001. Newton–Krylov-multigrid solvers for large-scale, highly heterogeneous, variably saturated flow problems. Adv. Water Resour. 24:763-774.

Jones R.H., R.J. Mitchell, G.N. Stevens and S.D. Pecot. 2003. Controls of fine root production across a disturbance gradient in a pine woodland. Oecologia 134:132-143. 

Jones, D.L., A. Hodge and Y. Kuzyakov. 2004. Plant and mycorrhizal regulation of rhizodeposition. New Phytologist 163:459-480.

Jongmans, A.G., van Breeman, N., Lunstrom, U., van Hees, P.A.W., Finlay, R.D., Srinivasan, M., Unestam, T., Giesler, R., Melkerud, P.A. and Olsson, M. 1997. Rock-eating fungi. Nature 389:682-683.

Kaiser, E.A., Kohrs K., Kucke M., Schnug E., Heinemeyer O. and Munch J.C. 1998. Nitrous oxide release from arable soil: importance of N-fertilization, crops and temporal variation. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 30:1553-1563.

Kaiser, K., G. Guggenberger and L. Haumaier. 2004. Changes in dissolved lignin-derived phenols, neutral sugars, uronic acids, and amino sugars with depth in forested Haplic Arenosols and Rendzic Leptosols. Biogeochemistry 70:135-151.

Kalbitz, K., S. Solinger, J.H. Park, B. Michalzik and E. Matzner. 2000. Controls on the dynamics of dissolved organic matter in soils: a review. Soil Science 165:277-304.

Kammann, C., Grünhage, L., Müller, C., Jacobi, S. and Jäger, H.-J. 1998. Seasonal variability and mitigation options for N₂O emissions from differently managed grasslands. Environmental Pollution 102:179-186.

Kandeler, E., K. Deiglmayr, D. Tscherko, D. Bru and L. Philippot. 2006. Abundance of narG, nirS, nirK, and nosZ genes of denitrifying bacteria during primary successions of a glacier foreland. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72:5957-5962.

Kasischke, E.S., N.H.F. French, L.L. Bourgeauchavez and N.L. Christensen. 1995. Estimating release of carbon from 1990 and 1991 forest fires in Alaska. Journal of Geophysical Research –Atmospheres 100:2941-2951.

Katsuyama M., Ohte N. and Kobashi S. 2001. A three-component end-member analysis of streamwater hydrochemistry in a small Japanese forested headwater catchment. Hydrological Processes 15:249-260.

Kaye, J.P. and S.C. Hart. 1997. Competition for nitrogen between plants and soil microorganisms. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 12:139-143.

Kaye J.P., McCulley R.L. and Burke I.C. 2005. Carbon fluxes, nitrogen cycling, and soil microbial communities in adjacent urban, native and agricultural ecosystems. Global Change Biology 11:575-587.

Keeley, J. 2005 Fire management impacts on invasive plants in the western United States. Conservation Biology 20:375-384.

Kendall, C. and T.B. Coplen. 2001. Distribution of oxygen-18 and deuterium in river waters across the United States. Hydrol. Proc. 15:1363-1393.

Kennedy, M.J., Chadwick, O.A. Vitousek, P.M., Derry, L.A. and Hendricks D. M. 1998. Changing sources of base cations during ecosystem development, Hawaiian Islands. Geology 26:1011-1014.

Khalil, K., B. Mary and P. Renault. 2004. Nitrous oxide production by nitrification and denitrification in soil aggregates as affected by O₂ concentration. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 36:687-699.

Kieft, T.L., E. Soroker and M.K. Firestone. 1987. Microbial biomass response to a rapid increase in water potential when dry soil is wetted. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 19:119-129. 

King, A.W. 1991. Translating models across scales in landscapes. In, M.G. Turner and R.H. Gardner (eds.), Quantitative Methods in Landscape Ecology. Springer-Verlag, New York.

Kirchner, J.W., X. Feng and C. Neal. 2000. Fractal stream chemistry and its implications for contaminant transport in catchments. Nature 403:524-527.

Kirchner, J.W., X. Feng and C. Neal. 2001. Catchment-scale advection and dispersion as a mechanism for fractal scaling in stream tracer concentrations. J. Hydro. 254:82-101.

Kirchner, J.W. 2003. A double paradox in catchment hydrology and geochemistry. Hydro. Proc. 17:871-874.

Kitayama, K. 1996. Soil nitrogen dynamics along a gradient of long-term soil development in a Hawaiian wet montane rainforest. Plant and Soil 183:253-262.

Kitayama, K., E.A.G. Schuur, D.R. Drake and D. Mueller-Dombois. 1997. Fate of a wet montane forest during soil ageing in Hawaii. J. Ecol. 85:669-679.

Klooster. 1993. Terrestrial ecosystem production: a process model based on global satellite and surface data.  Global Biogeochemical Cycles 7:811-841.

Knapp, P.A. 1998. Spatio-temporal patterns of large grassland fires in the Intermountain West, USA. Global Ecology and Biogeography 7:259-272.

Koehler, P.A., R.S. Anderson and W.G. Spaulding. 2005. Development of vegetation in the Central Mojave Desert of California during the late Quaternary. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 215:297-311.

Kollet, S.J. and R.M. Maxwell. 2006. Integrated surface-groundwater flow modeling: a free-surface overland flow boundary condition in a parallel groundwater flow model. Adv. Water Resour. 29:945-958.

Korniss, G. and T. Caraco. 2005. Spatial dynamics of invasion: the geometry of introduced species. Journal of Theoretical Biology 233:137-150.

Kravchenko, A.N., C.W. Boast and D.G. Bullock. 1999. Multifractal analysis of soil spatial variability. Agronomy Journal 91:1033-1041.

Kremen, C., N.M. Williams, R.L. Bugg, J.P. Fay and R.W. Thorp. 2004. The area requirements of an ecosystem service: crop pollination by native bee communities in California. Ecology Letters 7:1109-1119.

Krull E.G. and Bray S.S. 2005. Assessment of vegetation change and landscape variability by using stable carbon isotopes of soil organic matter. Australian Journal of Botany 53:651-661.

Kudo G. 1991. Effects of snow-free period on the phenology of alpine plants inhabiting snow patches. Arctic and Alpine Research 23:436-443.

Kurtz, A.C., L.A. Derry and O.A. Chadwick. 2001. Accretion of Asian dust to Hawaiian soils. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 65:1971-1983.

Lane, D.R. and H. BassiriRad. 2005. Diminishing spatial heterogeneity in soil organic matter across a prairie restoration chronosequence. Restoration Ecology 13:403-412.

Lee, J., J. Six, A.P. King, C. van Kessel and D.E. Rolston. 2006. Tillage and field scale controls on greenhouse gas emissions. Journal of Environmental Quality 35:714-725.

Lehmann, P., Stähli, M., Paritz, A., Gygi, A. and Flühler, H. 2003. A fractal approach to model soil structure and to calculate thermal conductivity of soils. Transport in Porous Media 52:313-332.

Lentzsh, P., Wieland, R. and Wirth, S. 2005. Application of multiple regression and neural network approaches for landscape-scale assessment of soil microbial biomass. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 37:1577-1580.

Levine, E.R., Kimes, D.S. and Sigillito, V.G. 1996. Classifying soil structure using neural networks. Ecological Modelling 92:101-108.

Levy, P.S. and S. Lemeshow. 1999. Sampling of populations: methods and applications. 3^rd ed. Wiley.

Li B.L. and Loehle C. 1995. Wavelet analysis of multiscale permeabilities in the subsurface. Geophysical Research Letters 22:3123-3126.

Li, C., Frolking, S. and R. Harriss. 1994. Modelling carbon biogeochemistry in agricultural soils. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 8:237-254.

Li, C., A. Mosier, R. Wassmann, Z. Cai, X. Zheng, Y. Huang, H. Tsuruta, J. Boonjawat and R. Lantin. 2004. Modeling greenhouse gas emissions from rice-based production systems: sensitivity and upscaling. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 18:1043, doi:10.1029/20036B002045.

Li, C.S. 2000. Modeling trace gas emissions from agricultural ecosystems. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 58:259-276.

Liang, S. 2000. Numerical experiments on spatial scaling of land surface albedo and leaf area index. Remote Sensing Reviews 19:225-242.

Lilienfein, J., R.G. Qualls, S.M. Uselman and S.D. Bridgham. 2003. Soil formation and organic matter accretion in a young andesitic chronosequence at Mt. Shasta, California. Geoderma. 116:249-264.

Lilienfein, J., R.G. Qualls, S.M. Uselman and S.D. Bridgham. 2004. Adsorption of dissolved organic and inorganic phosphorous in soils of a weathering chronosequence. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 68:620-628.

Lilienfein, J., R.G. Qualls, S.M. Uselman and S.D. Bridgham. 2004. Adsorption of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen in soils of a weathering chronosequence. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 68:292-305.

Linquist, B.A., S.M. Brouder and J.E. Hill. 2006. Winter straw and water management effects on soil nitrogen dynamics in California rice systems. Agronomy Journal 98:1050-1059.

Lobell, D.B. and G.P. Asner. 2004. Cropland distributions from temporal unmixing of MODIS data. Remote Sensing of Environment  93:412-422.

Loik M.E., Breshears D.D., Lauenroth W.K. and Belnap J. 2004. A multi-scale perspective of water pulses in dryland ecosystems: climatology and ecohydrology of the western USA. Oecologia 141:269-281.

Lomander, A., T. Katterer and O. Andren. 1998. Carbon dioxide evolution from top- and subsoil as affected by moisture and constant and fluctuating temperature. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 30:2017-2022.

Loreau, M., Mouquet, N. and Gonzalez, A. 2003. Biodiversity as spatial insurance in heterogeneous landscapes. Ecology 100:12765-12770.

Lorenz, K. and R. Lal. 2005. The depth distribution of soil organic carbon in relation to land use and management and the potential of carbon sequestration in subsoil horizons. Advances in Agronomy 88:35-66.

Lundquist, E.J., K.M. Scow, L.E. Jackson, S.L. Uesugi and C.R. Johnson. 1999. Rapid response of soil microbial communities from conventional, low input, and organic farming systems to a wet/dry cycle. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 31:1661-1675.

Lundquist, E.J., L.E. Jackson and K.M. Scow. 1999.  Wet-dry cycles affect dissolved organic carbon in two California agricultural soils. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 31:1031-1038.

 MacBratney, A.B. 1992. On variation, uncertainty and informatics in environmental soil management. Australian Journal of Soil Research 30:913-935.

Majdi, H., E. Damm and J-E Nylund. 2001. Longevity of mycorrhizal roots depends on branching order and nutrient availability. New Phytologist 150:195-202.

Marschner, P., Yang, C., Lieberei, R. and Crowley, D. 2001. Soil and plant specific effects on bacterial community composition in the rhizosphere. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 33:1437-1445.

Martens, S.N., D.D. Brashears and C.W. Meyer. 2000. Spatial distributions of understory light along the grassland/forest continuum: effects of cover, height, and spatial pattern of tree canopies. Ecological Modelling 126:79-93.

Martín-Pinto, P., H. Vaquerizo, F. Peñalver, J. Olaizola and J.A. Oria-de-Rueda. 2006. Early effects of a wildfire on the diversity and production of fungal communities in Mediterranean vegetation types dominated by Cistus ladanifer and Pinus pinaster in Spain. Forest Ecology and Management 225:296-305.

Masiello C.A., Chadwick O.A., Southon J., Torn M.S. and Harden J.W. 2004. Weathering controls on mechansims of carbon storage in grassland soils. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 18:GB4023.

Matamala, R., M.A. Gonzalez-Meler, J.D. Jastrow, R.J. Norby and W.H. Schlesinger. 2003. Impacts of fine root turnover on forest NPP and soil C sequestration potential.  Science 302:1385-1387.

Mathieu, O., Lévêque, Hénault, C., Milloux, M.-J., Bizouard, F., Andreux, F. 2006. Emissions and spatial variability of NO, N and nitrous oxide mole fraction at the field scale, revealed with ¹⁵N isotopic techniques. Soil Biol. Biochem. 38:941-951.

Mausbach, M.J. and Wilding, L.P. 1991. Spatial variabilities of soils and landforms. SSSA Special Publication 28. Madison, WI, USA.

McDonald, E.V., Pierson, F.B., Flerchinger, G.N. and McFadden, L.D. 1996. Application of a process-based soilwater balance model to evaluate the influence of Late Quaternary climate change on soil water movement in calcic soils. Geoderma 74:167-192.

McFadden, L.D., Wells, S.G. and Dohrenwend, J.C. 1986. Influences of Quaternary climatic changes on processes of soil development on desert loess deposits of the Cima volcanic field, California. Catena 13:361-389.

McFadden, L.D., Wells, S.G. and Jercinovich, M.J. 1987. Influences of eolian and pedogenic processes on the origin and evolution of desert pavements. Geology 15:504-508.

McFadden, L.D., McDonald, E.V., Wells, S.G., Anderson, K.C., Quade, J. and Forman, S.L. 1998. The vesicular layer and carbonate collar of desert soils and pavements: formation, age and relation to climate change. Geomorphology 24:101-145.

McKenzie, N.J., Gessler, P.E., Ryan, P.J. and O’Connell, D.A. 2000. The role of terrain analysis in soil mapping. In, J.P. Wilson and J.C. Gallant (eds.), Terrain Analysis: Principles and Applications. pp. 245-265. John Wiley and Sons, New York.

McSwiney, C.P. and Robertson, G.P. 2005. Nonlinear response of N₂O flux to incremental fertilizer addition in a continuous maize (Zea mays L.) cropping system. Global Change Biology 11:1712-1719.

Mearns L.O., Giorgi F., McDaniel L. and Shields C. 1995. Analysis of daily variability of precipitation in a nested regional climate model - comparison with observations and doubled CO₂ results. Global and Planetary Change 10:55-78.

Merrill, S.D. and D.R. Upchurch. 1994. Converting root numbers observed at minirhizotrons to equivalent root length density. Soil Science Society of America Journal 58:1061-1067.

Merritts, D., O. Chadwick and D. Hendricks. 1991. Rates and processes of soil evolution on uplifted marine terraces, northern California. Geoderma 51:241-275.

Milesi C., Running S.W., Elvidge C.D., Dietz J.B., Tuttle B.T. and Nemani R.R. 2005. Mapping and modeling the biogeochemical cycling of turf grasses in the United States. Environmental Management 36:426-438.

Milne, B.T. 1991. Lessons from applying fractal models to landscape patterns, In, M. G. Turner and R. H. Gardner (eds.), Quantitative Methods in Landscape Ecology. Springer-Verlag, New York.

Milne, B.T. 1992. Spatial aggregation and neutral models in fractal landscapes. American Naturalist 139:32-57.

Milne, B.T., M.G. Turner, J.A. Wiens and A.R. Johnson. 1992. Interactions between the fractal geometry of landscapes and allometric herbivory. Theoretical Population Biology. 41:337-353.

Minasny, B., J.W. Hopmans, T. Harter, S.O. Eching, A. Tuli and M.A. Denton. 2004. Neural networks prediction of soil hydraulic functions for alluvial soils using multistep outflow data. Soil Science Society of America Journal 68:417-429.

Mintie, A.T., R.S. Heichen, K. Cromack, D.D. Myrold and P.J. Bottomley. 2003. Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria along meadow-to-forest transects in the Oregon Cascade Mountains. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69:3129-3136.

Moldrup, P., T. Olesen, T. Komatsu, S. Yoshikawa, P. Schjønning and D.E. Rolston. 2003. Modeling diffusion and reaction in soils: X. A unifying model for solute and gas diffusivity in unsaturated soil. Soil Science 168:321-337.

Monson, R.K., Lipson, D.A., Turnipseed, A.A., Burns, S.P., Delany, A., Williams, M.W. and Schmidt, S.K. 2006. Winter forest soil respiration controlled by climate and community composition.  Nature  439:711-714.

Moody, L.E. and R.C. Graham. 1995. Geomorphic and pedogenic evolution in coastal sediments, Central California. Geoderma 67:181-201.

Moore, L.A. and C.B. Field. 2006. The effects of elevated CO₂ on the amount and depth distribution of plant water uptake in a California annual grassland.  Global Change Biology 12:578-587.

Mosier, A.C., Schimel, D., Valentine, D., Bronson, K. and Parton, W. 1991. Methane and nitrous oxide fluxes in native fertilized and cultivated grasslands. Nature 350:330-332.

Mosier, A.R., Duxbury, J.M., Freney, J.R., Heinemeyer, O. and Minami, K. 1996. Nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural fields: assessment, measurement and mitigation. Plant and Soil 181:95-108.

Mummey, D.L., P.D. Stahl, P.D. Stahl and J.S. Buyer. 2002. Soil microbiological properties 20 years after surface mine reclamation: spatial analysis of reclaimed and undisturbed sites. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 34:1717-1725.

Myers, N., R.A. Mittermeier, C.G. Mittermeier, G.A.B. da Fonseca and J. Kent. 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403:853-858.

Näsholm, T., A. Ekblad, A. Nordin, R. Giesler, M. Högberg and H. P. 1998. Boreal forest plants take up organic nitrogen. Nature 392:914-916.

Nealson, K.H. and D.A. Stahl. 1997. Micro organisms and biogeochemical cycles: what can we learn from layered microbial communities? In, K. H. Nealson and J. F. Banfield (ed.), Geomicrobiology: Interactions between Microbes and Minerals, pp. 5-34. Mineral. Soc. Amer., Washington, D.C.

Nepstad, D.C., C.R. Decarvalho, E.A. Davidson, P.H. Jipp, P.A. Lefebvre, G.H. Negreiros, E.D. Dasilva, T.A. Stone, S.E. Trumbore and S. Vieira. 1994. The role of deep roots in the hydrological and carbon cycles of Amazonian forests and pastures. Nature 372:666-669.

Nicol, G.W., Tscherko, D., Embley, T.M. and Prosser, J.I. 2005 Primary succession of Crenarchaeota across a receding glacier foreland. Environmental Microbiology. 7:337-347.

Nicolardot, B. and J.A.E. Molina. 1994. C and N fluxes between pools of soil organic matter: model calibration with longer term field experimental data. Soil Biol. Biochem. 26:245-251.

Nozawa-Inoue, M., Scow, K.M. and Rolston, D.E. 2005. Reduction of perchlorate and nitrate by microbial communities in vadose soil. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:3928-3934.

Ohtonen, R., H. Fritze, T. Pennanen, A. Jumpponen and J. Trappe. 1999. Ecosystem properties and microbial community changes in primary succession on a glacier forefront. Oecologia. 119:239-246.

Oliveira L.I., A.H. Demond, L.M. Abriola and P. Goovaerts. 2006. Simulation of solute transport in a heterogeneous vadose zone describing the hydraulic properties using a multistep stochastic approach, Water Resour. Res. 42: Art. No. W05420, doi:10.1029/2005WR004580.

Onsoy, Y.S., T. Harter, T.R. Ginn and W.R. Horwath. 2005. Spatial variability and transport of nitrate in a deep alluvial vadose zone. Vadose Zone J. 4:41-55.

Palmer, S.C.F., A.J. Hester, D.A. Elston, I.J. Gordon and S.E. Hartley. 2003. The perils of having tasty neighbors: grazing impacts of large herbivores at vegetation boundaries. Ecology 84:2877-2890.

Pang, X.P. and J. Letey. 2000. Challenge of timing nitrogen availability to crop nitrogen requirements. Soil Science Society of America Journal 64:247-253.

Patel, R.M., Prasher, S.O., Goel, P.K. and Bassi, R. 2002. Soil salinity prediction using artificial neural networks. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 38:91-100.

Pauchard, A. and K. Shea. 2006. Integrating the study of non-native plant invasions across spatial scales. Biological Invasions 8:399-413.

Pennock, D.J., van Kessel, C., Farrell, R.E. and Sutherland, R.A. 1992. Landscape-scale variations in denitrification. Soil Science Society of America Journal 56:770-776.

Perez, T., S.E. Trumbore, S.C. Tyler, E.A. Davidson, M. Keller and P.B. de Camargo. 2000. Isotopic variability of N₂O emissions from tropical forest soils. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 14:525-535.

Perfect, E. and J. Caron. 2002. Spectral analysis of tillage-induced differences in soil spatial variability. Soil Science Society of America Journal 66:1587-1595.

Phillips, R.P. and T.J. Fahey. 2006. Tree species and mycorrhizal associations influence the magnitude of rhizosphere effects. Ecology 87:1302-1313.

Poch, R.M., J.W. Hopmans, J. Six, D.E. Rolston and J.L. McIntyre. 2006. Considerations of a field scale soil carbon budget for furrow irrigation. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment 113:391-398.

Potter, C.S. and Klooster, S.A. 1999. Detecting a terrestrial biosphere sink for carbon dioxide: interannual ecosystem modeling for the mid-1980s. Climatic Change 42:489-503.

Potter, C., S. Klooster, R. Myneni, V. Genovese, P.-N.Tan and V. Kumar. 2003. Continental-scale comparisons of terrestrial carbon sinks estimated from satellite data and ecosystem modeling 1982–1998. Global and Planetary Change 39:201-213.

Potthoff, M., Jackson, L.E., Steenwerth, K.L., Ramirez, I., Stromberg, M.R. and Rolston, D.E. 2005. Soil biological and chemical properties in restored perennial grassland in California. Restoration Ecology 13:61-73.

Potthoff, M., Steenwerth, K.L., Jackson, L.E., Drenovsky, R.E., Scow, K.M. and Joergensen, R.G. 2006. Soil microbial community composition as affected by restoration practices in California grassland. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 38:1851-1860.

Pretti, V.A. and Stewart, B.W. 2002. Solute sources and chemical weathering in the Owens Lake watershed, eastern California. Water Resources Research 38:10.1029/2001WR000370.

Qian Y. and Follet R.F. 2002. Assessing soil carbon sequestration in turfgrass systems using long-term soil testing data. Agronomy Journal 94:930-935

Quattrochi, D.A. and M.F. Goodchild. 1997. Scale in Remote Sensing and GIS. Lewis Publishers.

Querejeta, J.I., L. Egerton-Warburton and M.F. Allen. 2003. Direct nocturnal water transfer from oaks to their mycorrhizal symbionts during severe soil drying. Oecologia 134:55-64.

Quideau, S.A., O.A. Chadwick, R.C. Graham and H.B. Wood. 1996. Base cation biogeochemistry and weathering under oak and pine: a controlled long-term experiment. Biogeochemistry 35:377-398.

Rademacher, L.K., J.F. Clark, G.B. Hudson, D.C. Erman and N.A. Erman. 2001. Chemical evolution of shallow groundwater as recorded by springs, Sagehen Basin; Nevada County, California. Chemical Geology 179:37-51.

Rademacher L.K. Clark J.F., Clow D.W. and Hudson G.B. 2005. Old groundwater influence on stream hydrochemistry and catchment response times in a small Sierra Nevada catchment: Sagehen Creek, California. Water Resources Research 41, W02004,doi:10.1029/2003WR002805.

Raffy, M. 1992. Change of scale in models of remote sensing: a general method for spatialization of models. Remote Sensing of Environment 40:101-112.

Raffy, M. and C. Gregoire. 1998. Semi-empirical models and scaling: a least square method for remote sensing experiments. International Journal of Remote Sensing 19:2527-2541.

Ramadan, Z., Hopke, P.K., Johnson, M.J. and Scow, K.M. 2005. Application of PLS and back -propagation neural networks for the estimation of soil properties. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 75:23-30.

Read, D.J. 1991. Mycorrhizas in ecosystems. Experientia 47:376-391.

Read, D.J. and J. Perez-Monreno. 2003. Mycorrhizas and nutrient cycling in ecosystems- a journey torwards relevance? New Phytologist 157:475-492.

Regonda S.K., Rajagopalan B., Clark M. and Pitlick J. 2005. Seasonal cycle shifts in hydroclimatology over the western United States. Journal of Climate 18:372-384.

Reheis, M.C., J.W. Harden, L.D. McFadden and R.R. Shroba. 1989. Development rates of late Quaternary soils, Silver Lake playa, California. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 53:1127-1140.

Reheis, M.C. and Kihl, R. 1995. Dust deposition in southern Nevada and California, 1984-1989: relations to climate, source area, and source lithology. Journal of Geophysical Research 100:8893-8918.

Reheis M.C. 1997. Dust deposition downwind of Owens (dry) Lake, 1991–1994: preliminary findings. J. Geophys. Res. 102:25999–26008.

Reheis, M.C. 2003. Dust depostion in southern Nevada and California, 1984 -2002. U.S. Geological Survey Open-file Report 03:138.

Reheis, M.C. 2006. A 16-year record of eolian dust in southern Nevada and California, USA: controls on dust generation and accumulation. Journal of Arid Environments 67:487-520.

Reich, P.B., D.W. Peterson, D.A. Wedin and K. Wrage. 2001. Fire and vegetation effects on productivity and nitrogen cycling across a forest-grassland continuum. Ecology 82:1703-1719.

Reich, P.B., M.G. Tjoelker, J-L. Machado and J. Oleksyn. 2006. Universal scaling of respiratory metabolism, size and nitrogen in plants. Nature 439:457-461.

Reid, D.A., R.C. Graham, R.J. Southard, and C. Amrhein. 1993. Slick spot soil genesis in the Carrizo Plain, California. Soil Science Society of America Journal 57:162-168.

Reynolds J.F., Virginia R.A., Kemp P.R., De Soyza A.G. and Tremmel D.C. 1999. Impact of drought on desert shrubs: effects of seasonality and degree of resource island development. Ecological Monographs 69:69-106.

Reynolds, H.L., A. Packer, J.D. Bever and K. Clay. 2003. Grass roots ecology: plant-microbe-soil interactions as drivers of plant community structure and dynamics. Ecology 84:2281-2291.

Reynolds, R., Belnap, J., Reheis, M., Lamothe, P. and Luiszer, F. 2001 Aeolian dust in Colorado Plateau soils: nutrient inputs and recent change in source. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98: 7123-7127.

Reynolds, R.L., M. Reheis, J. Yount and P. Lamothe. 2006. Composition of aeolian dust in natural traps on isolated surfaces of the central Mojave Desert – insights to mixing, sources, and nutrient inputs. Journal of Arid Environments 66:42-61.

Rice, K.J. and E.S. Nagy. 2000. Oak canopy effects on the distribution patterns of two annual grasses: the role of competition and soil nutrients. American Journal of Botany 87:1699-1706.

Rich, J.J. and D.D. Myrold. 2004. Community composition and activities of denitrifying bacteria from adjacent agricultural soil, riparian soil, and creek sediment in Oregon, USA. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 36:1431-1441.

Riebe, C.S., Kirchner, J.W. and Finkel, R.C. 2004. Erosional and climatic effects on long-term chemical weathering rates in granitic landscapes spanning diverse climate regimes. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 224:547-562.

Riley, R.H. and P.M. Vitousek. 1995. Nutrient dynamics and nitrogen trace gas flux during ecosystem development in montane rain forest. Ecology 76:292-304.

Ritz, K., W. McNicol, N. Nunan, S. Grayston, P. Millard, D. Atkinson, A. Gollotte, D. Habeshaw, B. Boag, C.D. Clegg, B.S. Griffiths, R.E. Wheatley, L.A. Glover, A.E. McCaig and J.I. Prosser. 2004. Spatial structure in soil chemical and microbiological properties in an upland grassland. Fems Microbiology Ecology 49:191-205.

Roberts, D.A., M. Gardner, R. Church, S. Ustin, G. Scheer and R.O. Green. 1998. Mapping chaparral in the Santa Monica Mountains using multiple endmember spectral mixture models. Remote Sensing of Environment 65:267-279.

Robertson, G.P., M.A. Huston, F.C. Evans and J.M. Tiedje. 1988. Spatial variability in a successional plant community: patterns of nitrogen availability. Ecology 69:1517-1524.

Robertson, G.P., J.R. Crum, P.M. Vitousek, P.A. Matson and J.M. Tiedje. 1993. The Spatial variability of soil resources following long-term disturbance. Oecologia 96:451-456.

Robertson, G.P. and D.W. Freckman 1995. The spatial distribution of nematode trophic groups across a cultivated ecosystem. Ecology 76:1425-1432.

Robertson, G.P., K.M. Klingensmith and B.G. Ellis. 1997. Soil resources, microbial activity, and primary production across an agricultural ecosystem. Ecological Applications 7:158-170.

Robinson D. 2001. δ¹⁵N as an integrator of the nitrogen cycle. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 16:153-162

Rochette, P. and L.B. Flanagan 1997. Quantifying rhizosphere respiration in a corn crop under field conditions. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 61:466-474.

Rose, S. 1996. Temporal environmental isotopic variation within the Falling Creek (Georgia) watershed: implications for contributions to streamflow. Journal of Hydrology 174:243-261.

Rosenblatt, A.E., Gold, A.J., Stolt, M.H., Groman, P.M. and Kellog, D.Q. 2001. Identifying riparian sinks for watershed nitrate using soils surveys. J. Environ. Qual. 30:1596-1604.

Rosenbloom, N.A., S.C. Doney, C. Scott and D.S. Schimel. 2001. Geomorphic evolution of soil texture and organic matter in eroding landscapes. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 15:365-382.

Rumpel, C., I. Kogel-Knabner and F. Bruhn. 2002. Vertical distribution, age, and chemical composition of organic carbon in two forest soils of different pedogenesis. Organic Geochemistry 33:1131-1142.

Rumpel, C., K. Eusterhues and I. Kogel-Knabner. 2004. Location and chemical composition of stabilized organic carbon in topsoil and subsoil horizons of two acid forest soils. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 36:177-190.

Running, S.W., Nemani, R.R., Heinsch, F.A., Zhao, M., Reeves, M. and Hashimoto, H. 2004. A continuous satellite-derived measure of global terrestrial primary production. Bioscience 54:547-560.

Ryu, J., S. Gao, R.A. Dahlgren and R.A. Zierenberg. 2002. Arsenic distribution, speciation and solubility in shallow groundwater of Owens Dry Lake, California. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 66:2981-2994.

Sadler, E.J., W.J. Busscher, P.J. Bauer and D.L. Karlen. 1998. Spatial scale requirements for precision farming: a case study in the southeastern USA. Agron. J. 10:191-197.

Saggar, S., Andrew R.M., Tate K.R., Hedley C.B., Rodda N.J. and Townsend J.A. 2004. Modelling nitrous oxide emissions from dairy-grazed pastures. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 68:243-255.

Salminen, J.P., T. Roslin, M. Karonen, J. Sinkkonen, K. Pihlaja and P. Pulkkinen. 2004.  Seasonal variation in the content of hydrolyzable tannins, flavonoid glycosides, and proanthocyanidins in oak leaves. Journal of Chemical Ecology 30:1693-1711.

Saunders, S.C., Chen, J.Q., Drummer, T.D., Gustafson, E.J. and Brosokske, K.D. 2005. Identifying scales of pattern in ecological data: a comparison of lacunarity, spectral and wavelet analyses. Ecological Complexity 2:87-105.

Schadt, C.W., Martin, A.P., Lipson, D.A. and Schmidt, S.K. 2003. Seasonal dynamics of previously unknown fungal lineages in tundra soils. Science 301:1359-1361.

Schimel D., House J., Hibbard K., Bousquet P., Ciais P., Peylin P., Apps M., Baker D., Bondeau A., Brasswell R., Canadell J., Churkina G., Cramer W., Denning S., Field C., Friedlingstein P., Goodale C., Heimann M., Houghton R.A., Melillo J., Moore III B., Murdiyarso D., Noble I., Pacala S., Prentice C., Raupach M., Rayner P., Scholes B., Steffen W., Wirth C. 2001. Recent patterns and mechanisms of carbon exchange by terrestrial ecosystems. Nature 414:169-172.

Schimel J., L.E. Jackson and M.K. Firestone. 1989. Spatial and temporal effects on plant-microbial competition for inorganic nitrogen in a California grassland. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 21:1059-1066.

Schimel J. 2004. Playing scales in the methane cycle: from microbial ecology to the globe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101:12400-12401. 

Schimel, J.P., K. Van Cleve, R.G. Cates, V.P. Clausen and P.B. Reichardt. 1996. Effects of balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera) tannins and low molecular weight phenolics on microbial activity in taiga floodplain: soil implications for changes in N cycling during succession. Canadian Journal of Botany 74:84-90.

Schimel, J.P., R.G. Cates and R. Ruess. 1998. The role of balsam poplar secondary chemical in controlling soil nutrient dynamics through succession in the Alaska tiaga. Biogeochemistry 42:221-234.

Schlesinger, W.H., J.A. Raikes, A.E. Hartley and A.F. Cross. 1996. On the spatial pattern of soil nutrients in desert ecosystems. Ecology 77:364-374.

Schneider, D.C. 2001. The rise of the concept of scale in ecology. Bioscience 51:545-553.

Schoorl, J.M. and Veldkamp, A. 2006. Multiscale soil-landscape process modeling. In, Grunwald, S. (ed.), Environmental soil-landscape modeling: geographic information technologies and edometrics, pp. 417-435. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.

Schultz, A. and Wieland, R. 1997. The use of neural networks in agroecological modelling. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 18:73-90.

Schuur, E.A.G. and P.A. Matson. 2001. Net primary productivity and nutrient cycling across a mesic to wet precipitation gradient in Hawaiian montane forest. Oecologia 128:431-442.

Shachack, M. and Lovett, G.M. 1998. Atmospheric deposition to a desert ecosystem and its implications for management. Ecological Applications 8:455-463.

Shuster, W.D., S. Subler and E.L. McCoy. 2001. Deep-burrowing earthworm additions changed the distribution of soil organic carbon in a chisel-tilled soil. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 33:983-996.

Sigüenza, C., D.E. Crowley and E.B. Allen. 2006. Soil microorganisms of a native shrub and exotic grasses along a N deposition gradient in southern California. Applied Soil Ecology 32:13-26.

Silver, W.L., A.E. Lugo and M. Keller. 1999. Soil oxygen availability and biogeochemistry along rainfall and topographic gradients in upland wet tropical forest soils. Biogeochemistry 44:301-328.

Simona, C., Ariangelo D.P., John G., Nina N., Ruben M. and Jose S.J. 2004. Nitrous oxide and methane fluxes from soils of the Orinoco savanna under different land uses. Global Change Biology 10:1947-1960.

Simpson, R.T., S.D. Frey, J. Six and R.K. Thiet. 2004. Preferential accumulation of microbial carbon in aggregate structures of no-tillage soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 68:1249-1255.

Six, J., K. Paustian, E.T. Elliott and C. Combrink. 2000. Soil structure and organic matter: I. Distribution of aggregate-size classes and aggregate-associated carbon. Soil Science Society of America Journal 64:681-689.

Six, J., S.M. Ogle, F.J. Briedt, R.T. Conant and K. Paustian. 2004. The potential to mitigate global warming with no-tillage management is only realized when practised in the long term. Global Change Biology 10:155-160.

Skiba, U., McTaggart I.P., Smith K.A., Hargreaves K.J. and Fowler D. 1996. Estimates of nitrous oxide emissions from soil in the UK. Energy Conversion and Management 37:1303-1308.

Skoien, J.O. and G. Bloschl. 2006. Sampling scale effects in random fields and implications for environmental monitoring. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 114:521-552.

Sloneker, L.L. and W.C. Moldenhauer. 1977. Measuring the amounts of crop residue remaining after tillage. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 32:231-236.

Smith, P. 2004. How long before a change in soil organic carbon can be detected? Global Change Biology 10:878-883.

Sollins, P., G. Spycher and C. Topik. 1983. Processes of soil organic-matter accretion at a mudflow chronosequence, Mt. Shasta, California. Ecology 64:1273-1282.

Somaratne, S., Seneviratne, G. and Coomaraswamy, U. 2005. Prediction of soil organic carbon across different land-use patterns: a neural network approach. Soil Science Society of America Journal 69:1580-1589.

Stark, J.M., D.R. Smart, S.C. Hart and K.A. Haubensak. 2002. Regulation of nitric oxide emissions from forest and rangeland soils of western North America. Ecology 83:2278-2292.

Steenwerth, K.L., Jackson, L.E., Calderón, F.J., Stromberg, M.R. and Scow, K.M. 2003. Soil microbial community composition and land use history in cultivated and grassland ecosystems of Coastal California. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 35:489-500.

Steenwerth K.L., L.E. Jackson, F.J. Calderon, K.M. Scow and D.E. Rolston. 2005. Response of microbial community composition and activity in agricultural and grassland soils after a simulated rainfall. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 37:2249-2262.

Stendell, E.R., T.R. Horton and T.D. Bruns. 1999. Early effects of prescribed fire on the structure of the ectomycorrhizal fungus community in a Sierra Nevada ponderosa pine forest. Mycological Research 103:1353-1359.

Stevens G.N. and R.H. Jones. 2006. Influence of root herbivory on plant communities in heterogeneous nutrient environments. New Phytologist 171:127-136.

Stevens G.N. and R.H. Jones. 2006. Patterns in soil fertility and root herbivory interact to influence fine root dynamics. Ecology 87:616-624. 

Stewart, B.W., R.C. Capo and O.A. Chadwick. 2001. Effects of precipitation on weathering rate, base cation provenance and Sr isotope composition in a volcanic soil climosequence, Hawaii. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 65:1087-1099.

Stieglitz, M., J. Shaman, J. McNamara, V. Engel, J. Shanley and G.W. Kling. 2003. An approach to understanding hydrologic connectivity on the hillslope and the implication of nutrient transport. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 17, 1105, doi:10:1029/2003GB002041.

Swanston C., Homann P.S., Caldwell B.A., Myrold D.D., Ganio L. and Sollins P. 2004 Long-term effects of elevated nitrogen on forest soil organic matter stability. Biogeochemistry 70:227-250.

Swift, M.J., Izac, A.M.N. and van Noordwijk, M. 2004. Biodiversity and ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes - are we asking the right questions? Agric. Ecosyst. Env. 104:113-124.

Swoboda-Colberg, N.G. and Drever, J.I. 1993. Mineral dissolution rates in plot-scale field and laboratory experiments. Chemical Geology 105:51-69.

Takahashi, A., T. Hiyama, H.A. Takahashi and Y. Fukushima. 2004. Analytical estimation of the vertical distribution of CO₂ production within soil: application to a Japanese temperate forest. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 126:223-235.

Tan, S.S. and Smeins, F.E. 1996. Predicting grassland community changes with an artificial neural network model. Ecological Modelling 84:91-97.

Tang J.W. and Baldocchi D.D. 2005. Spatial-temporal variation in soil respiration in an oak-grass savanna ecosystem in California and its partitioning into autotrophic and heterotrophic components. Biogeochemistry 73:183-207.

Tang J.W., Misson L., Gershenson A., Cheng W. and Goldstein A. 2005. Continuous measurements of soil respiration with and without roots in a ponderosa pine plantation in the Sierra Nevada Mountains. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 132:212-227.

Tang, J., D.D. Baldocchi and L. Xu. 2005. Tree photosynthesis modulates soil respiration on a diurnal time scale. Global Change Biology 11:1298-1304.

Tate, K.W., E.R. Atwill, N.K. McDougald and M.R. George. 2003. Spatial and temporal patterns of cattle feces deposition on rangeland. Journal of Range Management 56:432-438.

Tieszen, L.L., Reed, B.C., Bliss, N.B., Wylie, B.K. and DeJong, D.D. 1997. NDVI, C-3 and C-4 production, and distributions in Great Plains grassland land cover classes. Ecological Applications 7:59-78.

Tilman, D., Wedin, D. and Knops, J.M.H. 1996. Productivity and sustainability influenced by biodiversity in grassland ecosystems. Nature 379:718-720.

Tilman, D., Reich, P.B., Knops, J.M.H., Wedin, D., Mielke, T. and Lehman, C. 2001. Diversity and productivity in a long-term grassland experiment. Science 294:843-845.

Tilman, D., Reich, P.B. and Knops, J.M.H. 2006. Biodiversity and ecosystem stability in a decade-long grassland experiment. Nature 441:629-632.

Torn, M.S., S.E. Trumbore, O. Chadwick, P.M. Vitousek and D. Hendricks. 1997. Mineral control of soil organic carbon storage and turnover. Nature 389:170-173.

Treseder, K.K. and P.M. Vitousek. 2001. Effects of soil nutrient availability on investment in acquisition of N and P in Hawaiian rain forests. Ecology 82:946-954.

Treseder, K.K., and M.F. Allen. 2002. Direct nitrogen and phosphorus limitation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: a model and field test. New Phytologist 155:507-515.

Treseder, K.K., M.C. Mack and A. Cross. 2004. Relationships among fires, fungi, and soil dynamics in Alaskan boreal forests. Ecological Applications 14:1826-1838.

Treseder, K.K. and A. Cross. 2006. Global distributions of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Ecosystems 9:305-316.

Tromble, J.M., Renard, K.G. and Thatcher, A.P. 1974. Infiltration for three range land soil –vegetation complexes. Journal of Range Management 27:318–321.

Trudell, S.A., P.T. Rygiewicz and R.L. Edmonds. 2004. Patterns of nitrogen and carbon stable isotope ratios in macrofungi, plants and soils in two old-growth conifer forests. New Phytologist 164:317-335.

Trumbore, S. 2000. Age of soil organic matter and soil respiration: radiocarbon constraints on belowground C dynamics. Ecological Applications 10:399-411.

Tsegaye, T. and R.L. Hill. 1998. Intensive tillage effects on spatial variability of soil physical properties. Soil Science 163:143-154.

Turner, D.P., Gower, S.T., Cohen, W.B., Gregory, M. and Maiersperger, T.K. 2002. Effects of spatial variability in light use efficiency on satellite-based NPP monitoring. Remote Sensing of Environment 80:397-405.

Tyler, S.W., W.A. McKay and T. Miheve. 1994. Impacts of the root zone on tracer transport. Soil Science Society of America Journal 58:25-31.

Ulery, A.L., R.C. Graham, O. Chadwick and H.B. Wood. 1995. Decade-scale changes of soil carbon, nitrogen, and exchangeable cations under chaparral and pine. Geoderma 65:121-134.

Ustin, S.L., M.O. Smith and J.B. Adams. 1993. Remote sensing of ecological processes: a strategy for developing and testing ecological models using spectral mixture analysis. In, J. Ehlringer and C. Field (eds.), Scaling Physiological Processes:  Leaf to Globe. pp. 339-357. Academic Press, New York.

Van Cleve, K., L.A. Viereck and C.T. Dyrness. 1996. State factor control of soils and forest succession along the Tanana River in interior Alaska, USA. Arctic and Alpine Research 28:388-400.

Van Dam, D., N. van Breemen and E. Veldkamp. 1997. Soil organic carbon dynamics: variability with depth in forested and deforested soils under pasture in Costa Rica. Biogeochemistry 39:343-375.

Van Gestel, M., Ladd, J. and Amato, M. 1992. Microbial biomass responses to seasonal change and imposed drying regimes at increasing depths of undisturbed topsoil profiles. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 24: 103-111.

van Noordwijk, M. 2002. Scaling trade-offs between crop productivity, carbon stocks and biodiversity in shifting cultivation landscape mosaics: the FALLOW model. Ecological Modelling 149:113-126.

Van Oost, K., G. Govers, W. Van Muysen and T.A. Quine. 2000. Modeling translocation and dispersion of soil constituents by tillage on sloping land. Soil Science Society of America Journal 64:1733-1739.

Verberne, E.L.J., Hassink, J., De Willigen, P., Groot, J.J.R. and Van Veen, J.A. 1990. Modelling organic matter dynamics in different soils. Neth. J. Agric. Sci. 38:221-238.

Visser, S. 1995. Ectomycorrhizal fungal succession in jack pine stands following wildfire. New Phytologist 129:389-401.

Vitousek, P.M., D.R. Turner and K. Kitayama. 1995. Foliar nutrients during long-term soil development in Hawaiian montane rain forest. Ecology 76:712-720.

Vitousek, P.M. and H. Farrington. 1997. Nutrient limitation and soil development: experimental test of a biogeochemical theory. Biogeochemistry 37:63-75.

Vogt, K.A., D.J. Vogt, H. Absjornsen and R.A. Dahlgren 1995. Roots, nutrients and their relationship to spatial patterns. Plant and Soil 168-169:113-123.

Wachinger, G., Fiedler S., Zepp K., Gattinger A., Sommer M. and Roth, K. 2000. Variability of soil methane production on the micro-scale: spatial association with hot spots of organic material and Archaeal populations. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 32:1121-1130.

Wagenet, R.J. and J.L. Hutson, 1989. LEACHM: A process-based Model for Water and Solute Movements, Transformations, Plant Uptake and Chemical Reactions in the Unsaturated Zone, Version 2.0., Vol. 2., New York State Water Resources Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.

WagnerRiddle, C., G.W. Thurtell, G.K. Kidd, E.G. Beauchamp and R. Sweetmen. 1997. Estimates of nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural fields over 28 months. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 77:135-144.

Wahren C.H.A., Walker M.D. and Bret-Harte M.S. 2005. Vegetation responses in Alaskan arctic tundra after 8 years of a summer warming and winter snow manipulation experiment. Global Change Biology 11: 537-552.

Walker D.A., Halfpenny J.C., Walker M.D. and Wessman CA. 1993. Long-term studies of snow vegetation interactions. Bioscience 43:287-301.

Walker M.D., Ingersoll R.C. and Webber P.J. 1995. Effects of interannual climate variation on phenology and growth of 2 alpine forbs. Ecology 76:1067-1083.

Walker M.D., Walker D.A., Welker J.M., Arft A.M., Bardsley T., Brooks P.D., Fahenstock J.T., Jones M.H., Losleben M., Parsons A.N., Seastedt T.R. and Turner P.L. 1999. Long-term experimental manipulation of winter snow regime and summer temperature in arctic and alpine tundra. Hydrological Processes 13:2315-2330.

WallisDeVries, M.F., E.A. Laca and M.W. Demment. 1999. The importance of scale of patchiness for selectivity in grazing herbivores. Oecologia 121:355-363.

Wan, S.Q., D.F. Hui and Y.Q. Luo. 2001. Fire effects on nitrogen pools and dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems: a meta-analysis. Ecological Applications 11:1349-1365.

Wang, Y., Amundson, R. and Trumbore, S.E. 1999.  The impact of land use change on C turnover in soils.  Global Biogeochemical Cycles 13:47-57.

Wang, Z., A. Tuli and W.A. Jury. 2003. Unstable flow during redistribution in homogeneous soil. Vadose Zone Journal 2:52-60.

Wardle, D. 1998. Controls of temporal variability of the soil microbial biomass: a global-scale synthesis. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 30:1627-1637.

Wardle, D.A., L.R. Walker and R.D. Bardgett. 2004. Ecosystem properties and forest decline in contrasting long-term chronosequences. Science 305:509-513.

Webster, G., T.M. Embley and J.I. Prosser. 2002. Grassland management regimens reduce small-scale heterogeneity and species diversity of beta-proteobacterial ammonia oxidizer populations. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68:20-30.

Weintraub M. and Schimel J.P. 2005. The seasonal dynamics of amino acids and other nutrients in Alaskan Arctic tundra soils. Biogeochemistry 73:359-380.

Weissmann, G.S. and G.E. Fogg. 1999. Multi-scale alluvial fan heterogeneity modeled with transition probability geostatistics in a sequence stratigraphic framework. J. Hydrol. 226:48-65.

Weissmann, G.S., S.F. Carle and G.E. Fogg. 1999. Three-dimensional hydrofacies modeling based on soil surveys and transition probablity geostatistics. Water Resour. Res. 35:1761-1770.

Wells, S.G., Dohrenwend, J.C., McFadden, L.D., Turrin, B.D. and Mahrer, K. 1985. Late Cenozoic landscape evolution on lava flow surfaces of the Cima volcanic field, Mojave Desert, California. Geological Society of America Bulletin 96:1518–1529.

Wells, S.G., McFadden, L.D., Poths, J. and Olinger, C.T. 1995. Cosmogenic ³He surface-exposure dating of stone pavements: implications for landscape evolution in deserts. Geology 23:613-616.

White, A.F. and Blum, A.E. 1995. Effects of climate on chemical weathering in watersheds. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 59:1729-1747.

White, A.F., A.E. Blum, M.S. Schulz, T.D. Bullen, J.W. Harden and M.L. Peterson. 1996. Chemical weathering rates of a soil chronosequence on granitic alluvium: I. Quantification of mineralogical and surface area changes and calculation of primary silicate reaction rates. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 60:2533-2550.

Whiting, M.L., S.D. DeGloria, A.S. Benson and S.L. Wall. 1987. Estimating conservation tillage residue using aerial photography. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 42:130-132.

Whiting, M.L., L. Li and S.L. Ustin. 2004. Predicting water content using Gaussian model on soil spectra. Remote Sensing of Environment 89:535-552.

Williams A.E., Johnson J.A., Lund L.J. and Kabala Z.J. 1998. Spatial and temporal variations in nitrate contamination of a rural aquifer, California. Journal of Environmental Quality 27:1147-1157.

Wolsing, M. and A. Prieme. 2004. Observation of high seasonal variation in community structure of denitrifying bacteria in arable soil receiving artificial fertilizer and cattle manure by determining T -RFLP of nir gene fragments. Fems Microbiology Ecology 48:261-271.

Wood, Y.A., Graham, R.C. and Wells, S.G. 2002. Surface mosaic map unit development for a desert pavement surface. Journal of Arid Environments 52:305-317.

Wood, Y.A., R.C. Graham and S.G. Wells. 2005. Surface control of desert pavement pedologic process and landscape function, Cima Volcanic field, Mojave Desert, California. Catena 59:205-230.

Wood, Y.A., T. Meixner, P.J. Shouse and E.B. Allen. 2006. Altered ecohydrologic response drives native shrub loss under conditions of elevated nitrogen deposition. Journal of Environmental Quality 35:76-92.

Woodcock, C.E. and A.H. Strahler. 1987. The factor of scale in remote sensing. Remote Sensing of Environment 21:311-332.

Wu, J. and H. Li. 2006. Perspectives and methods of scaling. In, J. Wu, K.B. Jones, H. Li, O.L. Loucks, (eds.), Scaling and Uncertainty Analysis in Ecology Springer, Dordrecht.

Wu, J.G. 2004. Effects of changing scale on landscape pattern analysis: scaling relations. Landscape Ecology 19:125-138.

Wu, L., W.A. Jury, A.C. Chang and R.R. Allmaras. 1997. Time series analysis of field-measured water content of a sandy soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 61:736-742.

Xu, L. and D.D. Baldocchi. 2004. Seasonal variation in carbon dioxide exchange over Mediterranean annual grassland in California. Agric. For. Meteorol. 123:79-96.

Yang, L.H. 2006. Interactions between a detrital resource pulse and a detritovore community.  Oecologia 147:522-532.

Young, F.J. and Hammer, R.D. 2000. Defining geographic soil bodies by landscape position, soil taxonomy, and cluster analysis. Soil Science Social American Journal 64:989-998.

Young, M.H., E.V. McDonald, T.G. Caldwell, S.G. Benner and D.G. Meadows. 2004. Hydraulic properties of a desert soil chronosequence in the Mojave Desert, USA. Vadose Zone Journal 3:956-963.

Yu, Z., T.E.C. Kraus, R.A. Dahlgren, W.R. Horwath and R.J. Zasoski. 2003. Mineral and dissolved organic nitrogen dynamics along a soil acidity-fertility gradient. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 67:878-888.

Zaady, E., Groffman, P.M. and Shachak, M. 1996.  Litter as a regulator of N and C dynamics in macrophytic patches in Negev desert soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 28:39-46.

Zarco-Tejada, P.J., S.L. Ustin and M.L. Whiting. 2005. Temporal and spatial relationships between within-field yield variability in cotton and high-spatial hyperspectral remote sensing imagery. Agronomy Journal 97:641-653.

Zeleke, T.B. and B.C. Si. 2004. Scaling properties of topographic indices and crop yield: multifractal and joint multifractal approaches. Agronomy Journal 96:1082-1090.

Zhang, D. 2002. Stochastic methods for flow in porous media: coping with uncertainties. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.

Zhang, R., A.W. Warrick and D.E. Myers. 1994. Heterogeneity, plot shape effect and optimum plot size. Geoderma 62:183-197.

Zhang, Y. and Changsheng, L. 2002. An integrated model of soil, hydrology, and vegetation for carbon dynamics in wetland ecosystems. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 16:1061, doi:10.1029/20016B001838.